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  • Original
  • Open Access

Population-based study of migraine in Spanish adults: relation to socio-demographic factors, lifestyle and co-morbidity with other conditions

  • 1, 2, 5Email author,
  • 3,
  • 3,
  • 4,
  • 4,
  • 3 and
  • 3
The Journal of Headache and Pain200911:176

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10194-009-0176-5

©  Springer-Verlag 2009

  • Received: 26 August 2009
  • Accepted: 19 November 2009
  • Published:

Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of migraine in the general Spanish population and its association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, self-reported health status, and co-morbidity with other conditions. We analyzed data obtained from adults aged 16 years or older (n = 29,478) who participated in the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS), an ongoing, home-based personal interview which examines a nation-wide representative sample of civilian non-institutionalized population residing in main family dwellings (household) of Spain. We analyzed socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, marital status, educational level, occupational status, and monetary monthly income); self-perceived health status; lifestyle habits (smoking habit, alcohol consumption, sleep habit, physical exercise, and obesity); and presence of other concomitant diseases. The 1-year prevalence of diagnosed migraine (n = 3,433) was 11.02% (95% CI 10.55–11.51). The prevalence was significantly higher among female (15.94%) than male (5.91%) and showed the highest value in the 31–50 years age group (12.11%). Migraine was more common in those of lower income (AOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.41) and who sleep <8 h/day (AOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04–1.33). Furthermore, worse health status (AOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.76–2.36) and depression (AOR 1.82 95% CI 1.58–2.11) were related to migraine. Finally, subjects with migraine were significantly more likely to have comorbid conditions, particularly chronic (more than 6 month of duration) neck pain (AOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.98–2.68) and asthma (AOR 1.62, 95% 1.27–2.05). The current Spanish population-based survey has shown that migraine is more frequent in female, between 31 and 50 years and associated to a lower income, poor sleeping, worse health status, depression and several comorbid conditions, particularly chronic neck pain and asthma.

Keywords

  • Headache
  • Migraine
  • Co-morbidity
  • Population-based

Introduction

Headache is probably the most prevalent neurological pain disorder seen by medical doctors and usually experienced by almost everyone [1]. Among the different headaches, both migraine and frequent tension-type headache represent the most common forms [2, 3]. Both headaches cause substantial disability for patients and their families as well as to the global society due to very high prevalence in the general population [4]. Globally, the percentage of the adult population with a headache is 47% for headache in general, 10% for migraine, 38% for tension-type headache, and 3% for chronic headache that lasts for more than 15 days per month [5]. In the US, the estimated total cost was $14.4 billion for 22 million migraine sufferers [6], whereas in Europe the estimated cost was €27 billion for 41 million of patients [7].

Several studies have previously investigated the prevalence of migraine headache in the general population in different countries. Dahlöf and Linde [8] reported that the 1-year prevalence of migraine in Sweden was 13.2%. Wang et al. [9] determined that the prevalence of migraine of Taiwan was 9.1%. Lyngberg et al. [10] have found that the prevalence of migraine did not change significantly over 12-year period [11% in 1989 and 15% in 2001] in the Danish population. Strine et al. [11] also reported a prevalence of 15.1% of severe headache in a US population survey. Few epidemiological studies focused on pain disorders have been conducted in the Spanish population. Catalá et al. [12] investigated the prevalence of pain in the Spanish population and reported a prevalence of pain in the head of 20.5%. Another epidemiological study conducted in Catalonia (a region of Spain) found a headache prevalence of 42% in a population of 1,964 adults [13]. Nevertheless, both studies investigated the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, there is not a population-based study focusing on headache conducted over the general Spanish population.

There is clearly evidence that headaches, particularly migraine, are often comorbid with other diseases, such as stroke, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, and obesity [14–16]. In addition, depression is also found in patients with headache [17]. The relationship between depression and migraine has been reported to be bidirectional as migraineurs have a fivefold increased risk of depression and patients with depression have a threefold higher risk of migraine [18]. Finally, it seems clear that headache has an adverse effect on the quality of life and health status of the patients [19, 20].

We believe that a nationwide epidemiological study about migraine in the general population and its relationship with socio-demographic factors, lifestyle habits and co-morbidity with other disorders is needed in Spain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of migraine in the Spanish population and its association with socio-demographic factors, lifestyle habits, self-reported health status, and co-morbidity with other diseases analyzing the data from the most recent (2006) Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS).

Methods

The 2006 Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS)

The SNHS is an ongoing, home-based personal interview examining a nation-wide representative sample of civilian non-institutionalized population residing in main family dwellings (households) of Spain. The SNHS is mainly conducted by the National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE) under the aegis of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs [21, 22]. Study subjects were selected by means of probabilistic multistage sampling, with the first-stage units being census sections, and the second-stage units, main family dwellings. More details of SNHS methodology are described elsewhere [21, 22]. In 2006, to meet the surveys’ stated aim of being able to furnish estimates with a certain degree of reliability at both national and regional levels, a sample of 31,300 dwellings was selected. The data collection period started in June 2006 and finished in June 2007. Surveyors have been previously trained about basic communication skills, procedures and the used questionnaire. For purpose of the current study, we used data from a total of 29,478 subjects aged 16 year or over.

The variables included in the current study were created on the basis of a series of questions included in the questionnaires. Individuals were classified as migraine sufferers if they responded “yes” to both of the following questions: “Have you suffered from migraine over the previous 12 months?” and “Has your neurologist confirmed the diagnosis of migraine?”

We analyzed socio-demographic characteristics (i.e. gender, age, marital status, educational level, occupational status and monetary monthly income); self-perceived health status; lifestyle-related habits (smoking habits, alcohol consumption, sleep habits, physical exercise, and obesity); and presence of diagnosed concomitant chronic diseases or symptoms including high blood pressure, arthritis, chronic neck pain (neck pain with a duration of at least 6 months), low back pain, asthma, chronic bronchitis, diabetes, osteoporosis, thyroid disease, menopausal symptoms, and depression, as independent variables.

Within socio-demographic characteristics, educational level was classified into no studies (<6 mandatory school years), primary (8 mandatory school years), secondary or university studies; the occupation status was reflected as home duties, students, retires, unemployed and employed; and monetary monthly income was divided as less than €1,200, €1,200–€1,800 and greater than €1,800. Self-perceived health status was assessed with the following question “How did you self-perceive your health status over the previous 12 months?” Subjects described their health status as excellent, good, fair, poor or very poor. This variable was afterwards dichotomized into two: excellent/good or fair/poor/very poor self-perceived health status.

Within lifestyle habits, smoking habit differentiated between current smokers, ex-smokers or non-smokers. The alcohol consumption was measured using the question “Have you consumed any alcoholic drink in the last 2 weeks?” Sleep habit was divided into subjects who sleep more than 8 h/day and those sleeping less than 8 h/day. Further, subjects were also asked for: “Did you practice any physical activity, such as walking or practicing sports during your free time? Finally, the body mass index (BMI) was calculated from the self-reported body weight and height. Individuals with a BMI ≥ 30 were classified as obese.

Statistical analysis

We first estimated the prevalence of Spanish adults who could be classified as migraine sufferers and described their distribution according to the study variables and analyzed the association of these variables with the presence of migraine estimating the crude Odds Ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Second, multivariate unconditional logistic regression models were generated, so that we could determine which of the variables covered was independently associated with suffering migraine in our population. Estimates were made using the “svy” (survey commands) functions of the STATA program, which enabled us to incorporate the sampling design and weights into all of our statistical calculations (descriptive OR, logistic regression). Statistical significance was set at two-tailed α < 0.05.

Results

Baseline demographics

From 29,478 subjects aged ≥16 years included in the 2006 SNHS, a total of 3,433 answered affirmatively to both questions about migraine. Hence, the estimated prevalence of migraine sufferers among Spanish adults was 11.02% (95% CI 10.55–11.51). The prevalence of migraine was significantly higher among female (15.94%) than male (5.91%) and showed the highest value in the 31–50 years age group (12.11%). Individuals with a marital status of separated/divorced (14.66%) showed the greatest prevalence of migraine. Furthermore, subjects with no studies were more likely to suffer from migraine (15.15%). We also found that individuals with lower monetary income (<1,200€) were more likely to suffer from migraine (12.2%). Finally, subjects with an occupational status of “home duties” had the highest prevalence of migraine (17.2%) as compared to the remaining occupations. Table 1 summarizes the prevalence of migraine according to the socio-demographic variables with the crude ORs.
Table 1

Prevalence of migraine by socio-demographic variables among Spanish adults, according to the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS) (n = 29,478)

Variable

Categories

n

Prevalence (%)

Crude OR

95% CI

Sex

Male

11,645

5.91

1

 

Female

17,833

15.94

3.02

2.68–3.40

Age

16–30 years

4,536

8.95

1

 

31–50 years

11,170

12.11

1.40

1.20–1.63

51–70 years

8,198

11.73

1.35

1.15–1.59

>70 years

5,574

10.33

1.17

0.98–1.40

Marital status

Unmarried

7,425

8.85

1

 

Married

16,731

11.80

1.38

1.21–1.56

Widow

3,672

12.73

1.50

1.26–1.79

Separated/divorced

1,583

14.66

1.77

1.42–2.20

Educational level

University

4,452

8.83

1

 

Secondary

10,617

10.19

1.17

1.00–1.37

Primary

10,186

11.65

1.36

1.16–1.59

No studies

4,086

15.51

1.90

1.58–2.28

Occupational status

Employed

13,624

9.67

1

 

Unemployed

1,840

13.46

1.45

1.20–1.76

Retired

8,040

10.77

1.12

0.99–1.27

Student

1,126

7.90

0.80

0.60–1.06

Home duties

4,525

17.16

1.93

1.70–2.19

Monthly income

>1,800 €

6,630

9.05

1

 

1,200–1,800€

6,551

11.56

1.31

1.13–1.53

<1,200 €

13,024

12.25

1.40

1.23–1.59

Migraine

No

26,045

88.98

NA

NA

Yes

3,433

11.02

NA

NA

NA not available, CI confidence interval

Additionally, the bivariate analysis revealed that individuals who self-reported a health status of fair/poor/very poor were more likely to suffer from migraine (19.23%). Further, individuals who sleep <8 h/day or those with a BMI > 30 showed a greater prevalence of migraine (12.47 and 12.99%, respectively). Finally, ex-smokers were less likely to suffer from migraine (8.96%). The prevalence of migraine with the OR according to self-perceived health status and lifestyle habits can be shown in Table 2.
Table 2

Prevalence of migraine according to lifestyle variables and self-perceived healthy status among Spanish adults, according to the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS) (n = 29,478)

Variable

Categories

n

Prevalence (%)

Crude OR

95% CI

Self-rated health

Excellent/good

18,300

6.89

1

 

Fair/poor/very poor

11,178

19.23

3.21

2.91–3.55

Smoking habit

Smoker

7,857

11.23

1

 

Ex-smoker

6,067

8.96

0.78

0.67–0.90

Non-smoker

15,554

11.75

1.05

0.93–1.18

Alcohol consumption

No

13,948

14.43

1

 

Yes

15,530

8.32

0.54

0.49–0.59

Sleep habits

≥8 h/night

14,170

9.48

1

 

<8 h/night

15,308

12.47

1.36

1.23–1.50

Physical exercise

Yes

17,534

10.65

1

 

No

11,944

11.55

1.09

0.99–1.21

Obesity

BMI < 30

22,026

10.52

1

 

BMI ≥ 30

4,178

12.99

1.27

1.11–1.46

CI confidence interval

Finally, the prevalence of migraine related to the presence of concomitant self-reported chronic diseases is summarized in Table 3. All chronic diseases analyzed were significantly associated with the prevalence of migraine, except diabetes mellitus. The highest ORs were found for chronic neck pain (4.25, 95% CI 3.84–4.7), depression (3.64 95%, CI 3.27–4.05) and chronic low back pain (3.02, 95% CI 2.73–3.34).
Table 3

Prevalence of migraine according to the reported presence of associated chronic conditions among Spanish adults, according to the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS) (n = 29,478)

Variable

Categories

n

Prevalence (%)

Crude OR

95% confidence interval

High blood pressure

No

22,133

10.13

1

 

Yes

7,345

14.47

1.50

1.35–1.67

Arthritis

No

21,862

8.99

1

 

Yes

7,616

18.89

2.35

2.13–2.60

Cervical pain

No

22,824

7.41

1

 

Yes

6,654

25.39

4.25

3.84–4.70

Low back pain

No

22,685

8.28

1

 

Yes

6,793

21.43

3.02

2.73–3.34

Asthma

No

27,795

10.52

1

 

Yes

1,683

19.69

2.08

1.74–2.49

Chronic bronchitis

No

27,946

10.64

1

 

Yes

1,532

18.58

1.91

1.59–2.31

Diabetes

No

27,322

10.98

1

 

Yes

2,156

11.65

1.07

0.88–1.30

Depression

No

24,514

8.68

1

 

Yes

4,964

25.71

3.64

3.27–4.05

Osteoporosis

No

27,533

10.38

1

 

Yes

1,945

23.80

2.70

2.33–3.12

Thyroid diseases

No

28,027

10.59

1

 

Yes

1,451

21.57

2.32

1.95–2.76

Menopausal symptom

No

16,407

15.12

1

 

Yes

1,426

26.98

2.07

1.75–2.45

One-year prevalence of migraine, lifestyle habit and co-morbidity in Spanish adults

The multivariate analysis showed that the variables that were independently and significantly associated with a higher likelihood of suffering migraine among Spanish adults were female gender (OR 2.14 95% CI 1.83–2.52), lower age (with the highest OR 1.21 for the 30–51 years group) or lower income (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.41) for the socio-demographic variables. Furthermore, sleep <8 h/day (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04–1.33) was the lifestyle habit related to migraine. In addition, a fair/poor/very poor health status was also related to the prevalence of migraine (OR 2.04, 95% 1.76–2.36). Among the comorbid diseases, chronic neck pain (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.98–2.68) or asthma (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.27–2.05) had the highest adjusted OR. Finally, depression showed an adjusted OR of 1.82 (95% CI 1.58–2.11). Table 4 shows the results of the multivariate analysis with the adjusted OR of those variables that were independently associated with a higher likelihood of suffering from migraine.
Table 4

Variables independently and significantly associated with a higher likelihood of suffering migraine among Spanish adults, according to the 2006 Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS)

Variable

Categories

Adjusted OR

95% confidence interval

Sex

Male

1

 

Female

2.14

1.83–2.52

Age

16–30 years

1

 

31–50 years

1.22

1.01–1.41

51–70 years

0.61

0.50–0.74

>70 years

0.41

0.32–0.51

Monthly income

>1,800 €

1

 

1,200–1,800€

1.09

0.91–1.29

<1,200 €

1.19

1.01–1.41

Self-rated health

Excellent/good

1

 

Fair/poor/very poor

2.04

1.76–2.36

Sleep habits

≥8 hours/night

1

 

<8 hours/night

1.18

1.04–1.33

High blood pressure

No

1

 

Yes

1.24

1.05–1.47

Cervical pain

No

1

 

Yes

2.31

1.98–2.68

Low back pain

No

1

 

Yes

1.33

1.14–1.55

Asthma

No

1

 

Yes

1.62

1.27–2.05

Depression

No

1

 

Yes

1.82

1.58–2.11

Discussion

Our results indicate that migraine is a major public health problem in Spain as 11.02% of our sample suffered from migraine. Further, migraine was more than twice more common in female than in men, with a peak prevalence in those aged 31–50 years. In addition, the presence of migraine was associated to a lower income, poor sleeping, worse health status, depression and other comorbid conditions, particularly chronic neck pain and asthma.

Prevalence of migraine and socio-demographic factors in Spanish adults

The prevalence of migraine obtained in this population-based study of 15.94% for females and 6.1% for males is consistent with prior population studies conducted in Canada [23], Sweden [8], Taiwan [9], Denmark [10] and US [24]. A population-based study recently conducted in US reported a prevalence of headache of 20.5% for females and 9.2% for males [11], which is slightly superior to the current results. One possible explanation for the higher prevalence rate could be that the study by Strine et al. investigated the presence of headache experienced during the previous 3 months, whereas in the current study we analyzed the 1-year prevalence. Further, both studies related to general musculoskeletal pain symptoms conducted in Spain showed a self-reported prevalence of headache of 20.5% [12] and 42% [13]. Higher rates of prevalence in these two studies may be related to the fact that no diagnosis made by the neurologist was considered and that these two previous studies included both frequent and infrequent headaches. Schwartz et al. reported an overall 1-year prevalence of episodic headache of 38.3% [25], which would explain the higher prevalence in these two previous studies.

In the current study, we considered as migraine sufferers those individuals who answered “yes” to having migraine over the previous 12 months and diagnosed by the neurologist. Nevertheless, although neurologist usually used the International Headache Society for making the diagnosis of migraine [26], these criteria were not incorporated in the survey. Thus, although questions regarding the presence of migraine in the SNHS presume that the condition should be diagnosed by the neurologist, there remained the potential for individuals to over- or under-report their headaches. That situation may be related to the fact that 27–70% of headache sufferers have never consulted a medical doctor for their headaches [27, 28]. Further, other doctors than neurologists, e.g. general practitioners or internists, may be also able to give a migraine diagnosis. In the current population based study, we specified that migraine diagnosis should be confirmed by a neurologist since patients with suspicion of migraine are usually derived to neurologist department. Therefore, although the prevalence of migraine may be underestimated in the current study, we are still confident that individuals who are undiagnosed migraine sufferers may be similar to our diagnosed sample of subjects with migraine. Finally, although IHS criteria were not used implicated in our study, our findings agree with previous population-based studies on the epidemiology of migraine [8–10, 23, 24].

Our findings are also consistent with previous published studies in that migraine has a peak prevalence between 25 and 50 years [9, 11, 23, 24]. The prevalence of migraine was also highest in those of lower income, consistent with population-based studies conducted in Canada [23] and US [29]. Finally, poor sleeping (<8 h/day) was also associated to the presence of migraine in agreement with the study conducted by Strine et al. [11]. This association has been supported by recent studies reporting that sleep impairment is not only one of the most common symptoms of migraine but is also the most common trigger [30, 31].

Presence of migraine, self-reported health status, and comorbid conditions

The current population-based study found that Spanish adults with migraine reported worse health status, depression and a myriad of other comorbid conditions. It seems clear that migraine is associated with poor health quality of life [32, 33]. Previous studies investigating quality of life and/or health status of patients with migraine were conducted over clinic populations, which may difficult the extrapolation of the results to the general population. Nevertheless, several population-based studies, including the current one, have also confirmed that subjects suffering from migraine are more likely to self-perceive a worse health status than those without headache.

In this study, we also showed that individuals with migraine reported a greater diagnosis of depression. The relationship between depression and headaches has been reported to be bidirectional [17, 18]. Nevertheless, when population-based data are adjusted for coexisting tension-type headache it was clear that tension-type headache, but not migraine was the main predictor for depression [10]. In the current study, our migraine sufferers answered positively to the presence of diagnosed migraine. It is possible that individuals with non-migrainous headache suffered from frequent tension-type headache, although we cannot confirm this. In future population-based studies, and in our work as clinicians, it would be important to identify comorbid disorders including coexisting headache diagnoses as both the neurobiology, management and outcome of headache seems to be closely correlated to co-morbidity [10].

In addition, several studies have demonstrated that migraine is often comorbid with other conditions, such as depression, asthma, diabetes, hypertension or obesity [14, 17]. We found that migraine was associated with high blood pressure, neck and low back pain, and asthma. Among these conditions, chronic neck pain and asthma showed the highest adjusted OR. In such a way, individuals with migraine were approximately 2.3 times more likely to report neck pain symptoms than those without headache. This was expected as there is evidence showing a patho-physiological connection between neck and migraine [34]. Further, individuals reporting migraine were approximately 1.6 times more likely to have asthma than those without headache, which agrees with the results previously found by Aamodt et al. [35] and Davey et al. [36]. Several theories are plausible for explaining the co-morbidity of these conditions with migraine, but reviewing them are beyond the scope of this study. Nevertheless, clinicians should be aware of these comorbid conditions to improve the management of individuals with migraine.

Limitations

Although some strengths of this study were a large sample size and a randomly population, there are a number of possible limitations. First, the validity of the questions included in the SNHS to classify subjects as migraine sufferers has not been evaluated. Several published studies carried out in Spanish subjects that used telephone surveys and specific questionnaire about frequency and localization of pain found results which are similar to ours with regard to the population characteristics, and argue in favor of the validity of the method used and the sample’s representativeness [12, 13]. Population-based surveys have been previously employed by others in countries as US [11] or Canada [23] to estimate the prevalence of migraine/headache and factors associated to this disease. In any case, we agree with Lipton et al. who found that to estimate the prevalence of migraine it is required that individuals reporting the disease had been also diagnosed by a neurologist, although the real prevalence may be underestimated [37].

Second, all information obtained within the interviews may be subject to recall errors or a tendency of subjects to give socially desirable responses within interviews, particularly regarding lifestyle habits [38]. Third, information on relevant variables such as pharmacological treatment, duration or severity of headache is not currently collected by the Spanish National Health Survey which may act as confounding factors in some associations.

Conclusions

The current population-based survey showed a 1-year prevalence of migraine of 11.02% in Spanish adults. Migraine was more frequent in female, between 31 and 50 years of age and associated to lower income, poor sleeping, worse health status, depression and other comorbid conditions, particularly chronic neck pain and asthma. Clinicians should be aware of comorbid conditions to improve the management of subjects with migraine.

Declarations

Conflict of interest

None.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
(2)
Esthesiology Laboratory, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
(3)
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Teaching and Research Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
(4)
Department of Health Sciences II, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
(5)
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avenida de Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain

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