Photophobia is associated with lower sleep quality in individuals with migraine: results from the American Registry for Migraine Research (ARMR)

Table 3 Linear regressions for investigating relationships between photophobia and photophilia with SQ, SDist, SOL, and SRI

Variable	Regression ^a				Coefficients
	Adj. R²	F	p-value	f²	β	SE	p-value
Sleep quality (SQ)
Photophobia	0.37	73.85	< 0.001*	0.59 ^d	0.15	0.16	< 0.001*
Photophilia	0.35	69.92	< 0.001*	0.54 ^d	-0.08	0.17	0.007*
Sleep disturbance (SDis)
Photophobia	0.25	43.84	< 0.001*	0.34 ^c	0.12	0.13	< 0.001*
Photophilia	0.24	41.85	< 0.001*	0.32 ^c	-0.05	0.13	0.109
Sleep onset latency (SOL)
Photophobia	0.08	12.41	< 0.001*	0.09 ^b	0.10	0.01	0.011*
Photophilia	0.07	10.94	< 0.001*	0.08 ^b	-0.09	0.01	0.010*
Sleep-related Impairment (SRI)
Photophobia	0.25	41.93	< 0.001*	0.33 ^c	0.08	0.05	0.020*
Photophilia	0.24	40.73	< 0.001*	0.32 ^c	0.01	0.05	0.855

*Significant at α = 0.05
^a Overall regression model including photophobia or photophilia as the primary predictor and age, sex, frequency of headaches, anxiety, and depression as covariates
^bf² = Cohen’s F calculation: small effect size
^cf² = Cohen’s F calculation: small to medium effect size
^df² = Cohen’s F calculation: medium to large effect size
SE = Coefficients Standard Error
n = 779

ISSN: 1129-2377