Photophobia is associated with lower sleep quality in individuals with migraine: results from the American Registry for Migraine Research (ARMR)

Table 2 Comparison of SQ, SDis, SOL, and SRI between migraine patients with and without photophobia

Variables	Migraine without photophobia¹ (n = 549)	Migraine with photophobia² (n = 303)
Variables	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	t (df)	Cohen’s d	p-value
Sleep quality score (SQ)³	24.33 (12.80)	31.30 (14.88)	-7.17 (850)	0.51^b	< 0.001*
Sleep disturbance score (SDis)³	13.89 (8.77)	17.04 (10.39)	-4.702 (850)	0.34^a	< 0.001*
Sleep onset latency (SOL) in minutes	32.65 (30.96)	46.00 (48.46)	-4.89 (850)	0.35 ^a	< 0.001*
Sleep-related impairment score (SRI)³	10.15 (3.81)	11.33 (3.74)	-4.28 (810)	0.31 ^a	< 0.001*

*Two-tailed, significant at α = 0.05
^aCohen’s d calculation: small to medium effect size
^bCohen’s d calculation: medium to large effect size
¹Photosensitivity global score ≧ 0
²Photosensitivity global score < 0
³Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality, sleep disturbance, and sleep related impairment

ISSN: 1129-2377