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Fig. 2 | The Journal of Headache and Pain

Fig. 2

From: Lipopolysaccharide, VE-cadherin, HMGB1, and HIF-1α levels are elevated in the systemic circulation in chronic migraine patients with medication overuse headache: evidence of leaky gut and inflammation

Fig. 2

Data are shown as whisker-box plots (whisker: full range; line: median; cross: mean). a Serum LPS was higher in CM + MOH patients compared to EM patients (p < 0.0001) and healthy controls (p = 0.001), b serum LBP was higher in CM + MOH patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.041), c serum HMGB1 was higher in CM + MOH patients (p = 0.0001) and EM patients (p = 0.014) compared to the healthy controls, d serum HIF-1α was higher in the CM + MOH patients compared to EM patients (p = 0.012) and healthy controls (p = 0.025), e serum IL-6 levels were higher in the CM + MOH patients compared to EM patients (p = 0.003) and healthy control (p = 0.005) and serum IL-17 levels were similar between the three groups (p = 0.101). Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis followed by post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test for LPS, HIF-1α, and IL-6 data. Statistical analysis was performed with one way-ANOVA followed by post-hoc Šidák’s test for multiple comparisons when required for all other data. * p < 0.05

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The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

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