Table 1 Clinical characteristics in chronic migraine patients with and without medication-overuse headache

Age

41.7 ± 13.9

40.6 ± 14.6

42.5 ± 13.2

0.008

Female gender

80.0%

79.8%

80.1%

0.903

Age at migraine onset (years)

21.8 ± 10.7

23.1 ± 11.3

20.8 ± 10.0

< 0.001

Duration of CM (months)

78.6 ± 107.1

59.7 ± 99.5

92.9 ± 110.4

< 0.001

Age at CM onset (years)

35.6 ± 14.0

36.0 ± 14.7

35.3 ± 13.4

0.370

Time from migraine onset to CM onset (years)

14.1 ± 11.7

13.1 ± 11.8

14.9 ± 11.5

0.007

Average headache severity (/10)

6.7 ± 2.0

6.1 ± 1.9

7.1 ± 1.9

< 0.001

Monthly headache days

23.3 ± 6.6

23.0 ± 6.7

23.6 ± 6.5

0.069

Monthly analgesic use (days/month)

12.8 ± 10.4

4.0 ± 5.5

19.7 ± 7.8

< 0.001

Hypnotic use ≥ 3 days/week

32.0%

21.0%

40.5%

< 0.001

Tobacco use

13.6%

9.1%

17.2%

< 0.001

Alcohol use

32.0%

33.7%

30.6%

0.220

Caffeine use

65.1%

64.2%

65.1%

0.519

HIT-6

63.8 ± 7.7

62.5 ± 7.0

64.8 ± 8.1

< 0.001

HADS-A

9.4 ± 4.5

9.3 ± 4.5

9.5 ± 4.6

0.385

HADS-D

7.8 ± 4.5

7.4 ± 4.4

8.1 ± 4.6

0.002

PSQI

11.5 ± 4.3

11.0 ± 4.1

12.0 ± 4.3

< 0.001

LDQ

8.9 ± 8.1

3.9 ± 5.0

12.8 ± 7.8

< 0.001

SDS

4.9 ± 4.1

2.3 ± 2.8

6.9 ± 3.9

< 0.001