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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Impact of headache frequency and preventive medication failure on quality of life, functioning, and costs among individuals with migraine across several European countries: need for effective preventive treatment

Characteristic

Preventive Naive (n = 516)

0–1 Preventive Failures (n = 320)

 ≥ 2 Preventive Failures (n = 307)

P value

Age, mean (SD), y

44.0 (14.9)

42.2 (13.9)

39.8 (13.8)

0.0002

Female, n (%)

381 (74)

212 (66)

222 (72)

0.0560

Mean Charlson Comorbidity Index score (SD)

0.34 (0.80)

0.36 (0.86)

0.58 (1.8)

0.0116

Married/living with partner, n (%)

324 (63)

202 (63)

189 (62)

0.8912

University degree or higher, n (%)

220 (43)

152 (48)

155 (50)

0.1589

Household income, n (%)

   

0.5015

  < €20,000

174 (34)

94 (29)

85 (28)

 

 €20,000 to < €40,000

176 (34)

113 (35)

110 (36)

 

 €40,000 + 

136 (26)

97 (30)

97 (32)

 

Labor force participation, n (%)

340 (66)

234 (73)

225 (73)

0.0273

Public insurance, n (%)

373 (72)

228 (71)

195 (64)

0.0870

BMI category,a n (%)

   

0.5568

 Underweight: < 18.5

31 (6)

15 (5)

25 (9)

 

 Normal: 18.5 to 24.9

251 (50)

147 (48)

132 (46)

 

 Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9

133 (27)

91 (30)

81 (28)

 

 Obese: ≥ 30

85 (17)

55 (18)

51 (18)

 

Current/former smoker, n (%)

305 (59)

210 (66)

190 (62)

0.1689

Current alcohol use, n (%)

351 (68)

244 (76)

205 (67)

0.0148

Current exercise, n (%)

321 (62)

221 (69)

218 (71)

0.0182

Mean time since diagnosis (SD), y

30.02 (15.17)

28.48 (13.12)

25.06 (13.12)

 < 0.0001

Migraine severity, n (%)

   

0.1106

 Mild

155 (35)

80 (28)

70 (26)

 

 Moderate

207 (46)

150 (53)

144 (53)

 

 Severe

87 (19)

54 (19)

57 (21)

 

Migraine diagnostician, n (%)

   

 < 0.0001

 Primary/general practitioner

342 (68)

176 (57)

137 (46)

 

 Nurse practitioner/physician assistant

6 (1)

8 (3)

6 (2)

 

 Neurologist

142 (28)

121 (39)

137 (46)

 

Current preventive use, n (%)

0

54 (17)

54 (18)

 < 0.0001

 Oral preventive

0

50 (93)

43 (80)

0.0950

 Injectable preventive

0

3 (6)

12 (22)

0.0260

Acute medication use, n (%)

420 (81)

188 (59)

213 (69)

 < 0.0001

Mean days of acute migraine-specific medication use in past month (SD)

10.07 (8.44)

10.16 (8.06)

11.16 (9.38)

0.2969

Mean count of acute migraine-specific medications (SD)

8.51 (10.92)

7.48 (10.37)

8.33 (12.78)

0.5809

Mean days of OTC medication in past month (SD)

7.55 (7.97)

9.94 (9.22)

8.70 (8.13)

0.0105

Mean count of OTC medications (SD)

1.50 (0.74)

1.43 (0.70)

1.65 (0.85)

0.0150

  1. BMI Body mass index, OTC Over-the-counter, SD Standard deviation
  2. aSome participants had missing BMI data
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The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

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