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Fig. 1 | The Journal of Headache and Pain

Fig. 1

From: Impact of headache frequency and preventive medication failure on quality of life, functioning, and costs among individuals with migraine across several European countries: need for effective preventive treatment

Fig. 1

Health-related quality of life: mental health and physical functioning (SF-12 MCS, SF-12 PCS). Results were adjusted for age, sex, country, insurance type, body mass index category, smoking history, alcohol intake, exercise, and CCI. †P < 0.01 vs ≥ 2 preventive treatment failures group. CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; MCS, Mental Component Score; PCS: Physical Component Score; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SF-12: Short Form-12. Cut-off values from Ware et al. [38]

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The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

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