Table 3 Demographic and clinical characteristics of each cluster

Age (years), mean ± SD

41.4 ± 13.3

36.7 ± 15.2

30.2 ± 11.0

 < 0.001*

Female sex

72 (48.7%)

73 (70.9%)

62 (72.1%)

 < 0.001*

Background intensity (0–10 VRS), mean ± SD

3.2 ± 1.0

6.8 ± 1.5

5.1 ± 1.7

 < 0.001*

Exacerbation intensity (0–10 VRS), mean ± SD

6.9 ± 1.7

8.4 ± 1.1

8.3 ± 1.2

 < 0.001*

Only bilateral

85 (57.4%)

61 (59.2%)

45 (52.3%)

0.616

Only unilateral

40 (27.0%)

32 (31.1%)

19 (22.1%)

0.384

Bilateral and unilateral

23 (15.5%)

10 (9.7%)

22 (25.6%)

0.013

V1 pain

118 (79.7%)

73 (70.9%)

77 (89.5%)

0.007

V2 pain

16 (10.8%)

15 (14.6%)

15 (17.4%)

0.344

V3 pain

99 (66.9%)

61 (59.2%)

63 (73.3%)

0.123

Occipital pain

102 (57.4%)

67 (52.4%)

54 (46.5%)

0.268

Neck pain

20 (13.5%)

17 (16.5%)

19 (22.1%)

0.236

Throbbing quality

67 (45.3%)

41 (39.8%)

62 (72.1%)

 < 0.001*

Nausea

75 (50.7%)

58 (56.3%)

53 (61.6%)

0.258

Vomiting

14 (9.5%)

24 (23.3%)

21 (24.4%)

0.003

Photophobia

78 (52.7%)

49 (47.6%)

69 (80.2%)

 < 0.001*

Phonophobia

80 (54.1%)

53 (51.5%)

65 (75.6%)

0.001*

Osmophobia

23 (15.5%)

10 (9.7%)

28 (32.6%)

 < 0.001*

Motion sensitivity

98 (66.2%)

67 (65.1%)

72 (83.7%)

0.007

Difficulty concentrating

69 (46.6%)

40 (38.8%)

58 (67.4%)

 < 0.001*

Vertigo

21 (14.2%)

15 (14.6%)

27 (31.4%)

0.002

Cranial autonomic symptoms

63 (42.6%)

49 (47.6%)

43 (46.0%)

0.507

Aura

26 (17.6%)

24 (23.3%)

23 (26.7%)

0.231

Number of triggers, mean ± SD

2.2 ± 1.7

1.8 ± 1.4

6.5 ± 1.9

 < 0.001*

Medication overuse

25 (16.9%)

18 (17.5%)

9 (10.5%)

0.333

Hypermobility

9 (6.1%)

13 (12.6%)

18 (20.9%)

0.003

Depression

23 (15.5%)

23 (22.3%)

22 (25.6%)

0.147

Anxiety

19 (12.8%)

18 (17.5%)

20 (23.3%)

0.120

Family history of migraine

63 (42.6%)

42 (40.8%)

49 (57.0%)

0.050