Table 1 A summary list of studies, in patients with migraine, related to cortical excitability and specifically event-related potential (ERP) component latencies, amplitudes, and peak-to-peak amplitude differences in response to Pattern-Reversal stimulation
Reference | No of subjects and diagnosis | Mean age ± SD (range) | Session timing | Spatial freq | Temporal freq | No of trials | ERPs | Direction of results and principal findings (group differences) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kennard et al. [36] | 28 MA 30 HC | 39 ? | NA | NA | 2 Hz | 256 | N1, P1, N2 |
| L, A (P1) in MA compared to HC |
Benna et al. [37] | 10 MwoA 10 with TIA | 36 (25–46) 48 (44–52) | At least 8 days after attack | NA | NA | NA | N80, P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Polich et al. [38] | 20 MA 20 HC | 33 ± 7 (23–44) ? | Headache-free at test | 16 × 16 | 3.9 Hz | 200 × 2 | N75, P1, N145 N75-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Mariani et al. [39] | 22 MwoA 20 HC | 39 ± 11 (17–60) 40 ± 12 (21–60) | At least 48 h after attack | 38' | 1 Hz | 128 × 2 | P1 N1-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Raudino [40] | 34 MwoA 6 MA 20 HC | M women: 37 (17–78) M men: 30 (14–43) HC women: 38 (17–54) HC men: 37 (19–55) | Headache-free at test | NA | 1.5 Hz | NA | P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Diener et al. [41] | 54 MwoA 4 MA 87 HC | 42 35 | NA | 60' × 60' | 1.56 Hz 8.33 Hz | 64 | P1 and (N1-Pl) + (N2-P1)/2 |
| L, A (P1) in M compared to HC |
Lai et al. [42] | 25 MA 13 MwoA | 29 [median] (17–38) | Not specified | 27.6' | NA | 128 | N1, P1 N1-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Drake et al. [43] | 50 MwoA 37 HC | ? (16–67) | NA | 56' | 1.88 Hz | 200 × 2 | N1, P1, N2 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Mariani et al. [44] | 20 MA 20 HC | 34 ± 12 (19–55) 37 ± 10 (21–51) | At least 48 h after attack | 38' | 1 Hz | 128 × 2 | P1 N75-P1 |
| L (P1) in MA compared to HC |
Tsounis et al. [45] | 22 MwoA 22 MA 37 HC | 37 (15–56) 32 (18–58) | At least 2 weeks after attack | 49' | 1 Hz | 128 × 2 | P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Tagliati et al. [46] | 7 MwoA 8 visual prodromes 15 HC | 32 ± 9 (17–56) ? (18–50) | At least 1 week after attack | NA | NA | 240 | N70, P1 N70-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Schoenen et al. [19] | 27 MwoA 9 MA 16 HC | 32 33 | At least 1 week after attack | 8' | 3.1 Hz | 50 × 5 | N1, P1, N2 N1-P1 P1-N2 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Shibata et al. [47] | 14 MwoA 19 MA 43 HC | 40 (20–62) 42 (20–70) 41 (18–71) | At least 2–20 days after attack | 30' | 1 Hz | 100 × 2 | N75, P1, N145 N75-P1 P1-N145 |
| A (N75-P1) in MA compared to HC |
Sener et al. [48] | 23 MwoA 16 MA 17 HC | 33 ± 7 36 ± 9 | At least 1 week after attack | NA | 2 Hz | 200 × 2 | P1 N70-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Shibata et al. [49] | 14 MwoA 15 MA 23 HC | 40 (22–65) 46 (22–65) 43 (20–65) | At least 5 days after attack | 30' | 2 Hz | 100 × 2 | P1 N75-P1 |
| A (N75-P1) in MA compared to HC |
Afra et al. [20] | 25 MwoA 15 MA 25 HC | 36 30 | At least 5 days after attack | 8' | 3.1 Hz | 100 × 15 | N1, P1, N2 N1-P1 P1-N2 | N.S. (latency or first block amplitude) | |
Shibata et al. [50] | 20 MA 19 ME (aura, no headache) 34 HC | 41 (22–68) 48 (22–70) 48 (20–72) | At least 1–30 days after attack | 30' | 2 Hz | 100 × 2 | P1 N75-P1 |
| A in MA and ME compared to HC |
Oelkers et al. [31] | 13 MwoA 13 MA 28 HC | 29 ± 6 27 ± 4 | ± 3 days before and after attack | 0.5 c.p.d 1 c.p.d 2 c.p.d 4 c.p.d | 1 Hz | 50 × 5 per cond | N1, P1, N2 N1-P1 P1-N2 |
| L (N2, 2, 4 c.p.d.) A (P1-N1, 0.5 c.p.d.) in MA and MwoA compared to HC |
Wang et al. [33] | 22 MwoA 13 ETH 20 CTH 26 HC | 35 ± 10 27 ± 11 28 ± 8 32 ± 12 | At least 1 week after attack | 8' | 3 Hz | 50 × 5 | N1, P1, N2 N1-P1 P1-N2 | N.S. (latency or first block amplitude) | |
Afra et al. [34] | 12 MA 10 HC | 34 ± 16 28 ± 6 | ± 3 days before and after attack | 68' | 3.1 Hz | 50 × 5 | N1, P1 N1-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Afra et al. [17] | 37 MwoA 22 MA 23 HC | 36 ± 11 27 ± 7 | ± 3 days before and after attack | 68' | 3.1 Hz | 50 × 5 | N1, P1 N1-P1 | N.S. (latency or first block amplitude) | |
Yücesan et al. [51] | 49 MwoA (Group 1, migraine duration of 2 years or less; Group 2, migraine duration of at least 10 years) 17 HC | 29 ± 8 (18–48) 37 ± 7 (23–52) 36 ± 9 (18–48) | At least 1 week after attack | NA | 2 Hz | 250 × 2 | P1 N70-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Judit et al. [52] | 69 MwoA 4 MA 4MwoA + MA 23 HC | 34 35 | ± 3 days before and after attack (37 MwoA) 1 day before (8 M) during (15 M) 1–2 days after (32 M) | 68' | 3.1 Hz | 50 × 5 | N1, P1 N1-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Khalil et al. [53] | 47 MA 37 MwoA 8 MwoA + MA 62 HC | 40 ± 13 (16–59) 37 ± 13 (17–58) | Headache-free at test | 37.8' | 2 Hz | 240 | P1 |
| L, A (P1) in M compared to HC |
Sand & Vingen [35] | 6 MA 15 MwoA 22 HC | 39 ± 9 40 ± 9 | Preattack group: headache 24 h after (8 M) Interictal: no headache after (13 M) | 8' 33' | 2 Hz | 100 × 2 | N70, P1, N145 N70-P1 P1-N145 | N.S. (amplitude) | |
Logi et al. [54] | 40 MwoA 19 MA 30 HC | 36 ± 14 38 ± 10 | At least 10 days after attack | 14.3' | 1 Hz | 100 × 2 or × 3 | N70, P1 P60-N70 N70-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Yilmaz et al. [55] | 16 MwoA 29 MA 22 HC | 32 (11–64) 34 (15–60) | During (26 M) Between (19 M) attacks | NA | 2 Hz | 200 | N1, P1, N2 N1-P1 |
| L (N2) in MA compared to HC |
Kochar et al. [56] | 25 M ? HC | NA | During and 7 days after attack | NA | NA | NA | P1 |
| L (P1) in M (ictal) |
Ozkul and Bozlar [57] | 44 MwoA 35 MA 40 HC | 36 ± 10 34 ± 9 33 ± 8 | ± 3 days before and after attack | 68' | 3.1 Hz | 50 × 5 | N1, P1 N1-P1 | N.S. (latency or first block amplitude) | |
Coutin-Churchman & de Freytez [58] | 24 MA 50 HC | ? (18–53) ? (18–47) | Interictal (not specified) | 30' | 2 Hz | 100 × 2 | P1 N1-P1 P1-N2 |
| A in MA compared to HC N.S. (latency) |
Ashjazadeh & Varavipour [59] | 27 MA 26 MwoA 55 HC | (15–57) (15–48) | At least 1 week after attack | NA | 2 Hz | 200 × 2 | N75, P1, N145 P1-N145 |
| L (P1) in MA compared to HC |
Spreafico et al. [60] | 19 MA 34 MwoA 20 HC | 38 35 | At least 5 days after the last attack | 240.5' | 3 Hz | 100 × 15 | P1 |
| L (P1) in M compared to HC |
Coppola et al. [61] | 27 MA 20 MA + 30 HC | 32 ± 9 33 ± 10 33 ± 13 | ± 3 days before and after attack | 15' | 1.55 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1, P1, N2 N1-P1 P1-N2 |
| Last block A (N1-P1) in MA compared to HC N.S. (latency) |
Coppola et al. [62] | 15 MwoA 15 MA 15 HC | 31 ± 10 30 ± 10 28 ± 8 | ± 3 days before and after attack | 15' | 3.1 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1, P1 N1-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Di Clemente et al. [63] | 15 MwoA 15 HC | 28 ± 11 24 ± 3 | ± 2 days before and after attack | 68' | 3.1 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1, P1 N1-P1 | N.S. (latency or first block amplitude) | |
Shibata et al. [24] | 14 MwoA 11 MA 25 HC | 41 ± 11 44 ± 15 40 ± 10 | ± 72 h before and after attack | 0.5 c.p.d 1.0 c.p.d 4.0 c.p.d | 1 Hz | 100 × 2 | N75, P1, N135 P50-N75 N75-P1 P1-N135 |
| L (N135, 4.0 c.p.d) in M compared to HC A (P50-N75, 1.0 c.p.d; P1-N135, 4.0 c.p.d.) in M compared to HC |
Sand et al. [21] | 33 MwoA 8 MA 31 HC | 37 ± 13 37 ± 16 40 ± 11 | Preattack (13 M) Attack (13 M) Postattack (10 M) Interictal (± 72 h before and after attack: (all M) | 31' 62' | 0.95 Hz | 50 × 4 | N1-P1 P1-N2 |
| A (N1-P1) in MA compared to MwoA, HC A (P1-N2) in pre-attack compared to interictal; and MA compared to MwoA, HC |
Sand et al. [32] | 33 MwoA 8 MA 31 HC | 37 ± 13 37 ± 16 40 ± 11 | Preattack (13 M) Interictal (± 72 h before and after attack) | 31' 62' | 0.95 Hz | 50 × 4 | N1-P1 P1-N2 |
| A (P1-N2, medium and large checks) in MA compared to MwOA A (N1-P1, large checks) in MA compared to MwoA N.S. A (M vs. HC) |
Marinis et al. [64] | 40 MA 40 MwoA 40 HC | 32 ± 8 32 ± 9 32 ± 8 | At least 72 h after the last attack | 38' | 1 Hz | 100 × 2 | P1 | N.S. (latency) | |
Shibata et al. [65] | 10 MA 10 MwoA 20 HC | 39 (20–57) 41 (20–58) 39 (20–60) | At least 72 h after and 48 h before an attack | 0.5 c.p.d 2.0 c.p.d | 5 Hz 10 Hz | 6 to 15 s each | Ampl. and phase of 2nd and 4th harmonic (2F and 4F) |
| 2F: A (0.5 c.p.d.) in M compared to HC |
| 4F: A (2.0 c.p.d., 10 Hz, high contrast) in MA compared to MwoA, HC | ||||||||
Boylu et al. [66] | 41 M ? HC | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | N75, P1, N145 N75-P1 |
| L (N75, P1) in M compared to HC A, L (N145) in M compared to HC |
Khalil et al. [67] | 47 MA 62 HC | 16–59 | At least 3 days after an attack | 38' | 2 Hz | 240 | P1 | N.S. (amplitude) | |
Nguyen et al. [68] | 26 MwoA 19 MA 30 HC | 28 ± 6 (20–41) 33 ± 6 (19–43) 26 ± 7 (19–46) | At least 7 days after an attack 4 M had headache 72 h after | 48' 15' 960' | 1 Hz 8.3 Hz | 200 (100 × 2) | N75, P1, N135 |
| A (P1, 1 Hz) for MA compared to MwoA and HC |
Shibata et al. [69] | 12 MwoA 12 MA 12 HC | 41 (20–59) 43 (20–60) 42 (20–60) | ± 72 h before and after attack | 0.5 c.p.d 1.0 c.p.d 2.0 c.p.d 4.0 c.p.d | 7.5 Hz | 20 × 4 | Steady-state VEPs |
| A (2.0 c.p.d.) in MA compared to MwoA and HC |
Coppola et al. [70] | 21 MwoA 22 MA 22 Mict 21 HC | 27 ± 7 31 ± 10 34 ± 12 28 ± 8 | Interictal: ± 3 days before and after attack Ictal: ± 12 h around attack | 15' | 1.55 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1-P1 | N.S. (first block or last block amplitude) | |
Omland et al. [71] | 12 MA 15 MwoA 34 HC | 28 ± 8 31 ± 10 | ± 48 h before and after attack | 8' 65' | 1.5 Hz | 100 × 6 | N70, P1, N145 N70-P1 P1-N145 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Di Lorenzo et al. [72] | 14 MwoA 4 MA 18 HC | 39 (19–54) 39 | ± 3 days before and after attack | 15' | 1.55 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1, P1, N2 N1-P1 P1-N2 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Vigano et al. [73] | 13 MwoA 11 HC | 29 ± 5 26 ± 6 | ± 72 h before and after attack | 15 mm side | 3.1 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1-P1 P1-N2 | N.S. (first block amplitude) | |
Lisicki et al. [30] | 30 M 30 HC (15 with a first-degree relative with M, and 15 without) | 27 ± 7 28 ± 9 25 ± 3 | ± 72 h before and after attack | 14' | 3.1 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1-P1 |
| A (first block) in M and HC with first-degree relatives with migraine compared to HC without Negative correlation with habituation slope |
Omland et al. [74] | 25 Mint (14 MwoA 11MA) 7 Mpreict (3 MwoA, 4 MA) 32 HC | 27 ± 8 27 ± 9 30 ± 10 | Pre-ictal: < 48 h before attack Interictal: ± 48 h before and after attack | 8' 65' | 1.5 Hz | 100 × 6 | N70-P1 P1-N145 | N.S. (amplitude) | |
Ambrosini et al. [75] | 13 MwoA 15 HC | 33 ± 10 (18–55) 30 ± 8 (21–44) | ± 3 days before and after attack | 68' | 3.1 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1-P1 | N.S. (amplitude) | |
Coppola et al. [61] | 27 MA 20 MA + 30 HC | 32 ± 9 33 ± 10 33 ± 13 | ± 3 days before and after attack | 15' | 1.55 Hz | 100 × 6 | N1, P1, N2 N1-P1 P1-N2 |
| A last block in M compared to HC |
Rauschel et al. [76] | 41 M 40 HC | 30 ± 10 28 ± 8 | ± 48 h before and after attack | 51' | 3 Hz | 75 × 6 | N75-P1 | N.S. (amplitude) | |
Omland et al. [77] | 24 MwoA 15 both MwoA and MA 2 MA 30 HC | 39 ± 10 (19–56) 38 ± 11 (21–59) | ± 2 days before and after attack | 16' | 1.5 Hz | 100 × 6 | N70, P1, N145 N70-P1 P1-N145 | N.S. (latency or first block amplitude) | |
Verroiopoulos et al. [78] | 15 MA 23 MwoA 20 HC | 39 ± 9 48 ± 12 47 ± 11 | ± 24 h before and after attack | 58.8' | 1 Hz | 200 | P1 N80-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
El-Shazly et al. [79] | 60 MA 30 HC | 31 ± 3 31 ± 4 | ± 3 days before and after attack or during aura | 60' (48'-72') Small: 16' Large: 64' | 1 Hz | 100 × 2 | N75, P1 N75-P1 |
| L (P1) A (P1) during aura compared to interictal MA, HC |
Kalita et al. [80] | 65 M 30 HC | 34 ± 12 31 ± 8 | Phase not controlled, headache at session noted | 12' × 16' | 3 Hz | 100 × 5 | N75, P1 | N.S. (first block amplitude) | |
Susvirkar et al. [81] | 40 M 40 HC | 21 ± 0.4 21 ± 0.4 | ± 3 days before and after attack | NA | 1 Hz | 300 × 4 | N75, P1, N145 |
| L (N75, N145) A (P1) in M as compared to HC |
Coppola et al. [82] | 19 MA 22 MwoA 14 HC | 30 ± 10 29 ± 8 30 ± 6 | ± 3 days before and after attack; during attack (10 M) | 15' | 1 Hz | 40 × 10 | P1 N75-P1 | N.S. (latency or amplitude) | |
Kalita et al. [83] | 91 M 25 HC | 32 ± 11 33 ± 11 | NA | 12' × 16' | 3 Hz | 100 × 5 | N75, P1 |
| A (P1, first block) in M compared to HC |
