Fig. 2

SS-31 attenuated IS-induced nociception responses. A Schematic diagram of the experiment. C57BL/6 mice received sham, IS or SS-31 treatment for 7 consecutive days, followed by behavioral tests and sacrifice to evaluate the effects of SS-31 on nociceptive responses. B The number of head scratching in 1 h (F(2, 15) = 19.02, ^****p < 0.0001; ^***p = 0.001, ⁺⁺⁺p = 0.007), periorbital mechanical threshold (F(2, 15) = 15.14, ^***p = 0.0003; ^***p = 0.0002, ⁺p = 0.0267) and paw withdrawal latency (F(2, 15) = 11.39, ^***p = 0.0010; ^***p = 0.0007) in different groups were recorded. n = 6 per group; One-way ANOVA. C Western blot analysis of c-fos. Protein level of c-fos was quantified normalized to β-actin in TNC. n = 6 per group; One-way ANOVA. F(2, 15) = 12.94, ^***p = 0.0005; ^**p = 0.0018, ⁺⁺p = 0.0011. D-E Immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the levels of c-fos in TNC of different groups. Scale bar, 20 μm. n = 6 per group; One-way ANOVA. F(2, 15) = 10.41, ^**p = 0.0015; ^**p = 0.0025, ⁺⁺p = 0.0050. F Immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the levels of CGRP in TNC of different groups. Scale bar, 200 μm. n = 6 per group; One-way ANOVA. F(2, 15) = 13.96, ^***p = 0.0004; ^***p = 0.0005, ⁺⁺p = 0.0027. Data are represented as Mean ± SD; ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01 and ^***p < 0.001 as compared to the Sham group. ⁺p < 0.05, ⁺⁺p < 0.01 and ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001 as compared to IS group