Fig. 1
Mitochondria were injured and mitochondrial homeostasis was altered after repeated IS infusion in a headache male mouse model. Male C57BL/6 mice were sham treated or dural-infused of inflammatory soup (IS) for 7 consecutive days, and then sacrificed for mitochondrial assessment. A-C Representative immunoblots and quantification of the protein levels of Pgc-1α (****p < 0.0001), Tfam (***p = 0.0009), Drp1 (**p = 0.0050), Mfn2, Fis1 (*p = 0.0108), Beclin1, P62 (**p = 0.0021), Pink1 (****p < 0.0001), and Parkin in the TNC. n = 6 per group; Student’s t-test. D The levels of ATP (**p = 0.0022), MMP (**p = 0.0043), ROS (***p = 0.0002) and MDA (*p = 0.0136) were detected and normalized by total protein concentrations in the TNC. n = 6 per group; Student’s t-test. E Mitochondrial ultrastructure in the TNC by TEM analysis. The abnormal mitochondria count percent (***p = 0.0002) and area percent (****p < 0.0001) were calculated. Red arrowhead, damaged mitochondria (swollen mitochondria and reduction of mitochondrial cristae). Black arrowhead, normal mitochondria. Scale bar, 1 μm. n = 4 per group; Student’s t-test. F Immunofluorescence staining of VDAC1 and nucleus (DAPI) in the TNC. The mean mitochondria length (***p = 0.0006) and area (*p = 0.0285) were calculated. Scale bar, 5 μm. n = 6 per group; Student’s t-test. Data are represented as Mean ± SD; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 as compared to sham group