Table 10 Prescription parameters used in each of the included studies for each exercise modality
From: Prescription of therapeutic exercise in migraine, an evidence-based clinical practice guideline
Type of intervention | Trial | Design | Group | Distribution | Frequency | Duration | Intensity | Exercise testing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate intensity continuous aerobic exercise | Ahmadi et al. 2015 [41] | RCT | Exercise Group | Supervised/Unsupervised: No info Warm-up = 15 min Main training = 20 min Cool down = 5 min Training material = No info | 3 times/week for 8 weeks | Total duration = 40 min | Warm up = Gradual increase in intensity between 11–13 Borg Main training = Gradual increase in intensity between 14–16 Borg Cool down = Borg 11–13 | - |
Oliveira et al. 2017 [62] | RCT | Exercise group | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 5 min walking on a treadmill Main training = 30 min walking on a treadmill Cool-down = 5 min walking on a treadmill | 3 times/week for 12 weeks | Total duration = 40 min | Main training = intensity corresponding to the participant’s ventilatory threshold | -VO2 max -Ventilatory threshold | |
Oliveira et al. 2019 [63] | RCT | Exercise group | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 5 min walking/jogging on a treadmill Main training = 30 min walking/jogging on a treadmill Cool-down = 5 min walking/jogging on a treadmill | 3 times /week for 12 weeks | Total duration = 40 min | Main training = speed (m/min), HR, and self-perceived effort corresponding to the participant’s ventilatory threshold | - VO2 max -Ventilatory threshold | |
Hanssen et al. 2017 [50] | RCT | MCT | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 400 m easy running on a treadmill and 2 skipping exercises Main training = Continuous running on a treadmill Cool down = 400 m easy running on a treadmill and stretching exercises | 2 times/week for 12 weeks | Main training = 45 min | Main training = 70% HRmax (± 5 bpm) | -Individual anaerobic lactate-threshold -HRmax - VO2 max (supervised) | |
Hanssen et al. 2018 [49] | RCT | MCT | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 400 m easy running on a treadmill and 2 skipping exercises Main training = Continuous running on a treadmill Cool down = 400 m easy running on a treadmill and stretching exercises | 2 times/week for 12 weeks | Main training = 45 min | Main training = 70% HRmax (± 5 bpm) | -Individual anaerobic lactate-threshold -HRmax - VO2 max (supervised) | |
Varkey et al. 2011 [67] | RCT | Exercise group | Supervised exercise Exercise (15 min warm-up, 20 min exercise and 5 min cool-down) | 3 times/week for 12 weeks | Total duration = 40 min | Exercise group intensity based on a Borg’s scale of Rated Perceived Exertion (6–20) -Warm up: 11–13 -Exercise: 14–16 -Cool-down: 11–13 | ||
Darabaneanu et al. 2011 [47] | q-RCT | Exercise group | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 10 min on a treadmill Main training = Jogging on a treadmill Cool down = 10 min on a treadmill | 3 times/week for 10 weeks | Main training jogging duration of 14th-30th session: 30 min continuously Main training jogging-walking intervals duration from 1st to 13th session (min): 1–2, 2–2, 2–1, 3–1, 3–1, 4–1, 4–1, 5–1, 7–1, 7–1, 10–1, 10–1, 10–1 | - | - | |
Luedtke et al. 2020 [56] | q-RCT | Supervised Aerobic Exercise Group | Warm-up = 5–10 min Main training = 30 min aerobic exercise Cool-down = 5–10 min Supervised aerobic exercise modalities = cycling ergometer, treadmill, or cross-trainer Unsupervised aerobic exercise modalities = nordic walking, slow running, outdoor cycling, swimming, cycling ergometer, other activities | 2 times/week for 5 weeks 1st session/week supervised 2nd session/week unsupervised | Total duration = 40–50 min | Main training for non-trained patients:11–13 Borg Main training for trained patients:14–15 Borg | - | |
Narin et al. 2003 [61] | q-RCT | Exercise group | Supervised exercise 5 min warm-up, 10 min cycling, 10 min walking on a treadmill, 5 min stepper, 10 min training upper extremities at the power station, 10 repetitions of neck and postural exercises, 10 repetitions of rowing and 5 min of cool-down | 3 times/week for 8 weeks | Total duration = 60 min | |||
Overath et al. 2014 [64] | q-RCT | Exercise group (no control group) | Supervised exercise Warm up = 5–10 min walking Main training = 30 min walking or jogging Cool-down = 5–10 min walking and stretching | 3 times/week for 10 weeks | Main training jogging duration of 6th-10th session: 30 min continuously Main training jogging-walking intervals duration from 1st to 5th session (min): Steady increase in running time compared to walking time through weeks | - | - | |
Varkey et al. 2009 [66] | q-RCT | Exercise group (no control group | Supervised exercise Warm up = 15 min indoor cycling Main training = 20 min indoor cycling Cool-down = 5 min indoor cycling | 3 times/week for 12 weeks | Total duration = 40 min | Warm up = 11–13 Borg Main training = 14–16 Borg Cool-down = 11–13 Borg | - | |
Hagan et al. 2021 [71] | Cohort | Exercise | Unsupervised exercise | 0, 1–2, 3–4 or 5 times/week | - | Light: normal walking, walking downstairs, yoga, gardening, etc Moderate: brisk walking, lawn mowing, shoveling, dancing, etc Vigorous: jogging, running, cycling fast, kickboxing, etc | - | |
Yoga | Boroujeni et al. 2015 [45] | RCT | Yoga | Supervised exercise -Eye-related exercises -Backward bending exercises -Fist pavanmoktasana -Second pavanmoktasana -Third pavanmoktasana -Pre-pranayama yoga -Standing-sitting and lying out screw position -Neti exercises -Shavasanas or relaxation Training modality: No info | 3 times/week for 12 weeks | Total duration = 75 min | - | - |
John et al. 2007 [51] | RCT | Yoga | Supervised exercise -Yoga postures = Stretching of neck, shoulder, back muscles followed by relaxation, toning, strengthening, and flexibility -Breathing and Pranayama -Kriya = Jalaneti (nasal water cleansing) followed by Kapalbhanti (forced exhalations) | 5 times/week for 12 weeks | Total duration = 60 min | - | - | |
Kisan et al. 2014 [52] | RCT | Yoga + conventional care | Supervised exercise -Relaxation exercises -Breathing exercises -Asanas/posture with awareness -Shavasana Training modality: No info | 5 times/week for 6 weeks | Total duration = 60 min | - | - | |
Kumar et al. 2020 [54] | RCT | Yoga + medical treatment | Supervised exercise -Prayer = 1 min -Breathing exercises = 8 min -Instant relaxation technique = 1 min -Sukshma vyayama = 15 min -Surya namaskar = 3 min -Quick relaxation technique = 3 min -Asanas = 8 min -Savana-yoga = 10 min -Pranayama = 15 min Training modality: No info | 3 times/ week for 4 weeks | Total duration = 60 min | - | - | |
Mehta et al. 2021 [58] | RCT | Yoga + Standard Drug Therapy | Supervised exercise Pranayama, Asana and Savasana Training material: No info | Daily for 3 months | Total duration = 40 min | - | - | |
Wells et al. 2021 [68] | RCT | Mindfulness-based stress reduction (standardized training in mindfulness/yoga) | Electronic audio files for home mindfulness/yoga practice | 2 h/week for 8 weeks with optional retreat day | Total duration = 30 min | - | - | |
Exercise and lifestyle recommendations | Bond et al. 2018 [44] | RCT | Behavioral weight loss | Unsupervised Home-based exercise | 5 days/week for 16 weeks | Total duration = Gradually progressed to 50 min of home-based exercise/session | - | - |
Lemstra et al. 2002 [55] | RCT | Exercise group | Supervised exercise 18 group sessions of aerobic training, strength training, massage, stress management and dietary lecture (relaxation and behavioural therapy) Training modality: No info | 6 weeks with 3 months follow-up | - | - | - | |
Gaul et al. 2011 [70] | Cohort | Muscular progressive relaxation, aerobic exercise and lifestyle recommendation | Supervised exercise -Headache education = 60 min -Behavioural group session = 90 min -Relaxation training = 60 min -Physical therapy = 60 min -Aerobic ergometer training = 60 min | Sessions applied 5 days/week minimum | Total duration of programme = 5 h and 30 min | - | - | |
Seok et al. 2006 [72] | Cohort | Lifestyle behaviour modifications, exercise and medication use | Unsupervised exercise Maintaining regular exercise Training modality: No info | Session applied at least 3 times/week minimum | Total duration = 30 min minimum per session | - | - | |
Woldeamanuel et al. 2016 [73] | Cohort | Regular Lifestyle Behaviours cohort | Unsupervised exercise Maintain daily aerobic exercise of any form | Session applied at least 6 months Minimum | Total duration = 20 min minimum | Exercise that raises heart rate | - | |
Relaxation techniques | Meyer et al. 2016 [59] | RCT | Progressive Muscle Relaxation | Supervised exercise 16 muscle groups that were slightly tensed and thereafter relaxed Training modality: No info | 1 time per week for 6 weeks | - | - | - |
Minen et al. 2020 [60] | RCT | Progressive Muscle Relaxation | Unsupervised exercise Smartphone app with Progressive Muscle Relaxation program = 15 min Training modality: No info | 2–4 times per week, for 6 weeks with a follow-up of 3 months | Total duration = 15 min | - | - | |
Varkey et al. 2011 [67] | RCT | Relaxation group | Unsupervised relaxation Relaxation (6 relaxation exercises, each exercise 5–20 min) | Daily | Total duration: 30–120 min | - | - | |
High-Intensity aerobic Interval Training | Hanssen et al. 2017 [50] | RCT | HIIT | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 400 m easy running on a treadmill and 2 skipping exercises Main training = High-intensity interval running on a treadmill Cool down = 400 m easy running on a treadmill and stretching exercises | 2 times/week for 12 weeks | High-intensity intervals vs active rest period (min) = 4–3 High-intensity intervals were repeated 4 times, with a total duration of 16 min of high-intensity | High-intensity intervals = 90–95% HRmax (± 5 bpm) reached after 1 min from the beginning of the high-intensity interval Active rest intervals = 70% HRmax | -Individual anaerobic lactate-threshold -HRmax -VO2 max (supervised) |
Hanssen et al. 2018 [49] | RCT | HIIT | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 400 m easy running on a treadmill and 2 skipping exercises Main training = High-intensity interval running on a treadmill Cool down = 400 m easy running on a treadmill and stretching exercises | 2 times/week for 12 weeks | High-intensity intervals vs active rest period (min) = 4–3 High-intensity intervals were repeated 4 times, with a total duration of 16 min of high-intensity | High-intensity intervals = 90–95% HRmax (± 5 bpm) reached after 1 min from the beginning of the high-intensity interval Active rest intervals = 70% HRmax | -Individual anaerobic lactate-threshold -HRmax -VO2 max (supervised) | |
Matin et al. 2022 [57] | RCT | High-Intensity Interval Aerobic Exercise, B12 and Magnesium Supplementation Group | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 10 min Main training Cool down = 10 min Training modality: Possibly outdoor and indoor cycling | 3 times/week for 8 weeks | Main training from 1st to 8th wk (min): 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 40 High-intensity interval duration: No info Low-intensity interval duration: No info | High-intensity interval Borg’s rating from 1st to 8th wk: 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18 High-intensity interval % VO2 max from 1st to 8th wk: 60, 60, 60–65, 65–70, 70–75, 70–75, 75–80, 80 Low-intensity intervals: No info | -VO2 max | |
Low-intensity aerobic exercise | Santiago et al. 2014 [65] | RCT | Amitriptyline and Aerobic Exercise Group | Unsupervised exercise Warm-up exercises Main training = Fast walking outdoors | 3 times/week for 12 weeks | Total duration = 40 min | - | - |
Köseoglu et al. 2003 [53] | q-RCT | Exercise group (no control group) | Unsupervised exercise Warm up = 10 min Main training = 20 min aerobic exercise Resting period = 10 min Training material = No info | 3 times/week for 6 weeks | Total duration = 40 min | Main training = 60% HRmax | HRmax | |
Exercise and relaxation techniques | Butt et al. 2022 [46] | RCT | Moderate Intensity Continuous Aerobic Exercise and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Group | Supervised exercise Warm-up = 10 min stationary cycling Aerobic exercise main training = 30 min stationary cycling Cool down = 5 min stationary cycling Progressive muscle relaxation = 15 min | 3 times/week for 6 weeks | Total duration = 60 min | - | - |
Dittrich et al. 2008 [48] | RCT | Exercise group | No information of supervision -Warm-up = 5 min -Aerobic exercise including training of coordination = 15–25 min -Strength training = 10–20 min -Stretching = 5 min -Progressive muscle relaxation = 15 min | 2 times/week for 6 weeks | Total duration = 60 min | - | - | |
Mehta et al. 2021 [58] | RCT | Physiotherapy and Standard Drug Therapy (Relaxation and exercise) | Supervised exercise Progressive muscle relaxation exercise, self-stretching of neck muscles (30 s hold 3 repetitions), isometric exercise of neck muscles (5 s hold; 10 repetitions) and cardiorespiratory endurance training (30 min walking) Training material: No info | Daily for 3 months | Total duration = 40 min | - | - | |
Neck strength exercise | Bennato et al. 2022 [43] | RCT | Neck strength exercise | First 6 weeks: 2 sets of 10 repetitions with 10 s of endurance for the deep cervical flexor and extensor muscles. Progression in series, repetitions and endurance was based on absence of complaint or pain, and/or execution of movement without compensation in each volunteer Last 2 weeks: add to the previous exercise 3 sets of 15 repetitions for flexor and extensor superficial cervical muscle | 2 sessions/day for 8 weeks Supervised by a physiotherapist once a week for 20 min in an individual session. The rest of the program was done at home | - | - | - |
Tai Chi | Xie et al. 2022 [69] | RCT | Exercise group | 3 times/week supervised, and 2 times/week unsupervised Warm-up with stretching = 10 min Main training = 45 min. In the first 15 supervised lessons (first 5 weeks), participants learned individual parts of the Modified 33-short form Yang-style Tai Chi Chuan. From the 16th session, participants performed the whole exercise program 3 times per session (15 min each) Cool down with stretching = 5 min Training material = Not needed | 5 times/week for 12 weeks Participants in Tai Chi group kept at least 1 session/week in the following 12 weeks after the end of treatment | Total duration = 60 min | - | - |
Resistance exercise | Aslani et al. 2021 [42] | RCT | Resistance Training | Supervised exercise Warm up = 5 min jogging, 5 min stretching and 5 min weightlifting Main training = 2–3 sets of 8–15 repetitions of arm pull down, arm pull over, sit up, leg extension, leg curl Cool down = 5 min active cooling and stretching movements Training modality: No info | 3 times/week for 8 weeks | Total duration = 30–45 min | Main training performed from 45% RM to 75% RM gradually progressed through the 8 weeks | RM |
Qi-gong | Elinoff et al. 2019 [74] | Case series | Qigong Exercise | Supervised exercise -First face-to-face exercise sequence = Ju Fu (Gentle Wind) -Qigong exercise DVD duplicating the content of the first and subsequent lessons for home practice = 10 min minimally -Two subsequent face-to-face sessions to reinforce training and add complexity and length to the Kiko sequence | -Daily home practice -Two subsequent face-to-face sessions every 30 days | Total duration = 10 min at least | - | - |