Table 1 Sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of the study sample according to the socioeconomic status (SES)

Sex (women), n (%)

535 (66.6)

117 (75.0)

321 (66.6)

97 (58.8)

.005^b

 (missing n = 0)

Age, M (SD)

48.89 (15.6)

51.65(16.9)

48.93 (15.8)

46.15 (13.4)

 < .001^c

 (missing n = 0)

Marital status, n (%)

 Unmarried

217 (27.2)

42 (26.9)

122 (25.5)

53 (32.3)

 < .001^b

 Married

394 (49.3)

57 (36.5)

256 (53.4)

81 (49.4)

 Divorced

123 (15.4)

37 (23.7)

60 (12.5)

26 (15.9)

 Widowed

65 (8.1)

20 (12.8)

41 (8.6)

4 (2.4)

  (missing n = 4)

Living with partner (yes), n (%)

479 (59.9)

67 (43.2)

306 (63.7)

106 (64.6)

.001^b

 (missing n = 4)

Children < 18 years (yes), n (%)

207 (25.8)

46 (29.5)

125 (25.9)

36 (21.8)

.571^b

 (missing n = 0)

Living in an urban area (yes), n (%)

700 87.2)

126 (80.8)

422 (87.6)

152 (92.1)

.001^b

 (missing n = 0)

Analgesic use (days a month), M (SD)

4.05 (5.9)

5.72 (8.0)

3.99 (5.5)

2.63 (4.1)

 < .001^c

 (missing n = 15)

Headache duration (in years)

13.13 (11.5)

13.46 (12.7)

12.60 (11.1)

14.39 (16.7)

.185^c

 (missing n = 0)

Headache frequency (days a month), n (%)

 < 4

634 (79.7)

105 (67.7)

385 (81.1)

144 (87.3)

 < .001^b

 4–14

129 (16.2)

33 (21.3)

77 (16.2)

19 (11.5)

 > 14

32 (4.0)

17 (11.0)

13 (2.7)

2 (1.2)

  (missing n = 8)

Migraine (yes), n (%)

174(21.7)

41 (26.3)

101(21.0)

32 (19.4)

.335^b

 (missing n = 0)

Physical activity (yes), n (%)

259 (32.4)

32 (20.6)

147 (30.6)

80 (48.8)

 < .001^b

 (missing n = 3)

Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) (yes), n (%)

158 (19.9)

47 (30.3)

82 (17.2)

29 (17.9)

.003^b

 (missing n = 9)

Depressive symptoms (PHQ) (yes), n (%)

98 (12.3)

26 (16.8)

64 (13.3)

8 (4.9)

.003^b

 (missing n = 4)