Table 1 Municipalities characteristics

 Ethnicity: Jewish communities, n (%)

4 (30.8)

9 (100)

12 (100)

< 0.001

 Female (%), mean (SD)

49.6 (1.62)

49.9 (1.13)

49.0 (1.21)

0.076

 Age in 2018, mean (SD)

38.9 (5.44)

47.7 (2.42)

49.3 (3.28)

< 0.001

 Total population (thousands), median [min–max]

16.3 [5.10–64.5]

24.0 [9.20–206]

7.50 [1.50–16.6]

0.003

 Area (square kilometer), mean (SD)

11.3 [5.95–76.8]

117 [6.34–501]

289 [6.45–4100]

0.001

 Population density (persons per square kilometer), median [min–max]

1720 [66.7–3280]

194 [26.6–3790]

35.3 [0.955–999]

< 0.001

 Natural increase (per 1000 persons), median [min–max]

29.3 [21.4–39.1]

18.3 [10.3–20.1]

13.8 [5.30–20.9]

< 0.001

 Average monthly salary (NIS), median [min–max]

5420 [4790–7140]

8250 [6960–9110]

10,300 [7610–16,200]

< 0.001

 Inequality (“Gini” index, 0 full equality), mean (SD)

0.354 (0.0283)

0.407 (0.0160)

0.413 (0.0314)

< 0.001

 Recycling from waste (%), median [min–max]

4.70 [0–62.4]

15.9 [2.40–29.4]

22.4 [2.10–45.4]

0.108

 Motor vehicles (per 1000 persons), median [min–max]

176 [63.8–268]

326 [276–364]

403 [276–633]

< 0.001

 Forest and grove (area per square kilometer), median [min–max]

0.095 [0.06–0.33]

0.745 [0.03–3.65]

6.81 [0.07–64.8]

0.024

 Male (%), mean (SD)

63.6 (38.2)

66.1 (28.6)

70.5 (25.3)

0.955

 Native speakers appropriate (%), mean (SD)

68.0 (37.8)

68.7 (20.4)

88.7 (18.9)

0.151

 Graduates of medicine schools in Israel (%), mean (SD)

24.9 (37.0)

27.9 (25.3)

46.7 (42.8)

0.366

 Physician’s age, mean (SD)

50.0 (6.10)

54.9 (3.89)

57.0 (6.51)

0.056

 Jews (%), mean (SD)

44.8 (41.8)

61.7 (32.3)

88.7 (18.9)

0.025

 Overall prevalence (per 10,000; %), median [min–max]

6.50 [4.10–13.2]

6.72 [3.86–9.17]

8.38 [5.20–13.2]

0.054

 Standardized prevalence ratio, median [min–max]

0.800 [0.550–1.62]

0.880 [0.530–1.16]

1.04 [0.640–1.44]

0.079

 Standardized female-to-male ratio, median [min–max]

2.91:1 [1.76–5.12]

3.43:1 [3.04–4.13]

2.78:1 [2.12–4.40]

0.01