Table 3 Characteristics and findings of clinic-based studies reporting relative frequency of one or more premonitory symptoms in people with migraine
First author, publication year | Study design | Minimum age of participants (years) | Monthly migraine days | Monthly migraine attacks | Primary endpoint: relative frequency of premonitory symptom(s) | Definition of premonitory symptoms | Enquiry method | Sample size N | Participants with ≥ 1 premonitory symptom n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gago-Veiga, 2018 [17] | Longitudinal, prospective | ≥ 15 | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | ICHD-3 | Patient-completed diary (predefined list of 29 symptoms) | 34 | 29 (85.3%) |
Güven, 2017 [18] | Longitudinal, prospective | Not reported | Not reported | 5.0 | No | Symptoms before headache phase in ≥ 2 of 3 migraine attacks | Patient-completed questionnaire and headache diary (predefined list of 7 symptoms) | 339 | 143 (42.2%) |
Karli, 2005 [19] | Cross-sectional, retrospective | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | Not reported | Interview and patient-completed questionnaire (predefined list of 24 symptoms) | 56 | 56 (100.0%) |
Kelman, 2006 ([20] p2) | Cross-sectional, retrospective | ≥ 16 | Not reported | 10.0 | No | Not reported | Interview (not specified) | 1009 | 360 (35.7%) |
Laurell, 2015 [21] | Cross-sectional, retrospective | ≥ 5 | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | ICHD-3 beta | Patient-completed questionnaire (predefined list of 14 symptoms) | 2219 | 1708 (77.0%) |
Quintela, 2006 [22] | Longitudinal, prospective | ≥ 14 | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | Symptoms day before onset of headache and different from those recorded in questionnaire completed in pain-free period | Patient-completed questionnaire and headache diary (predefined list of 28 symptoms) | 100 | 84 (84.0%) |
Santoro, 1990 [23] | Longitudinal, prospective | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | Symptoms occurring in at least half of attacks the day before or earlier in same day | Patient-completed diary (predefined list of 20 symptoms) | 100 | 33 (33.0%) |
Schoonman, 2006 [24] | Cross-sectional, retrospective | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | Symptoms preceding ≥ 2 of 3 attacks (timeframe not otherwise defined) | Patient-completed questionnaire (predefined list of 12 symptoms) | 374 | 335 (89.6%) |
Schulte, 2015 [25] | Cross-sectional, retrospective | Not reported | Not reported | 10.9 | Yes | Symptoms with onset at least 2 h prior to onset of headache | Patient-completed questionnaire and headache diary (predefined list of 27 symptoms) | 1010 | 389 (38.5%) |
Schwedt, 2018 [26] | Longitudinal, prospective | ≥ 15 | Not reported | 8.9 | No | Not reported | Interview (predefined list of 18 symptoms) | 15 | 15 (100.0%) |
Viana, 2015 [27] | Longitudinal, prospective | ≥ 18 | Not reported | Not reported | No | Symptoms in 24 h before a migraine attack | Patient-completed diary (predefined list of 14 symptoms) | 30 | 13 (43.3%) |
Wang, 2021 [28] | Cross-sectional, retrospective | ≥ 9 | Not reported | Not reported | Yes | ICHD-3 | Interview (predefined list of 25 symptoms) | 4821 | 1038 (21.5%) |