Fig. 1

Early onset anxiety was induced by p-IONX. a Schedule of experiment procedures. b Schematic of p-IONX and PSL surgery on the left side. c Paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimulation and noxious heat stimulation in the ipsilateral hind paw and head withdrawal threshold to noxious heat stimulation in the ipsilateral vibrissal pad before and after surgery. *, ** and *** indicate P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively, compared with the baseline (BL), Kruskal–Wallis test with repeated measures and Dunn’s post hoc. ## and ### indicate P < 0.01 and 0.001, respectively, compared with the respective sham group at the same time points, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc. d-f Anxiety-like behaviors measured by EPM, LDB and OFT tests on D8/9 (d), D15/16 (e) and D29/30 (f) after surgery. *, ** and *** indicate P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively, compared with the sham group, unpaired t test. g, h Representative heat maps from the sham, PSL and p-IONX groups in EPM (g) and OFT (h) tests. i Depression-like behaviors measured by TST, FST and OFT on D30 after surgery. n = 8/group