Table 3 Estimated risk for mental confusion according to patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics
From: Headache, anosmia, ageusia and other neurological symptoms in COVID-19: a cross-sectional study
Characteristics | Confusion N = 43 | Without confusion N = 245 | Total N = 288 | p value | Raw OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female sex, n (%) | 18 (41.9) | 117 (47.8) | 135 (46.9) | 0.48 | 0.78 (0.41–1.52) | – |
Aged > 50 years, n (%) | 32 (74.4) | 112 (45.7) | 144 (50) | < 0.01 | 3.46 (1.67—7.17) | 3.76 (1.54—9.19) |
Comorbidity, n (%) | 40 (93) | 172 (70.2) | 212 (73.6) | < 0.01 | 5.66 (1.70—18.88) | 3.13 (0.84—11.68) |
FLU SYMPTOMS: | ||||||
Fever, n (%) | 32 (74.4) | 167 (68.2) | 199 (69.1) | 0.41 | 1.36 (0.65—2.84) | – |
Chills, n(%) | 21 (48.8) | 98 (40) | 119 (41.3) | 0.28 | 1.43 (0.75—2.74) | – |
Cough, n(%) | 32 (74.4) | 164 (67) | 196 (68.1) | 0.33 | 1.44 (0.69—3.00) | – |
Sore throat, n(%) | 17 (39.5) | 86 (35.1) | 103 (35.8) | 0.58 | 1.21 (0.62—2.35) | – |
Dyspnoea, n (%) | 38 (88.4) | 185 (75.5) | 223 (77.4) | 0.06 | 2.47 (0.93—6.55) | – |
Chest pain, n (%) | 18 (42) | 88 (33.1) | 99 (34.4) | 0.26 | 1.46 (0.75—2.83) | – |
Low oxygenation, n (%) | 33 (76.7) | 132 (54) | 165 (57.3) | < 0.01 | 2.83 (1.33—5.98) | 2.11 (0.91—4.92) |
Cyanosis, n (%) | 9 (21) | 16 (6.5) | 25 (8.7) | < 0.01 | 3.79 (1.55—9.25) | 1.29 (0.45—3.72) |
Coryza, n (%) | 17 (39.5) | 82 (33.5) | 99 (34.4) | 0.44 | 1.33 (0.67—2.53) | – |
Joint pain, n (%) | 21 (48.8) | 82 (33.5) | 103 (35.8) | 0.05 | 1.90 (0.99—3.65) | – |
Diarrhea, n (%) | 16 (37.2) | 95 (38.8) | 111 (38.5) | 0.85 | 0.94 (0.48—1.83) | – |
Nausea, n (%) | 14 (32.6) | 80 (32.7) | 94 (32.6) | 0.99 | 0.99 (0.50—1.99) | – |
Vomiting, n (%) | 12 (28) | 55 (22.4) | 67 (23.3) | 0.44 | 1.34 (0.64—2.78) | – |
Abdominal pain, n (%) | 19 (44.2) | 51 (21) | 70 (24.3) | < 0.01 | 3.01 (1.53—5.92) | – |
Flu, n (%) | 42 (97.7) | 234 (95.5) | 276 (95.8) | 0.51 | – | – |
SARS, n (%) | 43 (100) | 239 (97.6) | 282 (98) | 0.30 | – | – |
NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS: | ||||||
Headache, n (%) | 26 (60.5) | 173 (70.6) | 199 (69.1) | 0.18 | 0.64 (0.33—1.24) | – |
Anosmia/Ageusia, n (%) | 33 (76.7) | 175 (71.4) | 208 (72.2) | 0.47 | 1.32 (0.62—2.82) | – |
Myalgia, n (%) | 21 (48.8) | 107 (43.7) | 128 (44.4) | 0.53 | 1.23 (0.64—2.36) | – |
Fatigue, n (%) | 32 (74.4) | 164 (67) | 196 (68.1) | 0.33 | 1.44 (0.69—3.00) | – |
Somnolence, n (%) | 22 (51.2) | 85 (34.7) | 107 (37.2) | 0.04 | 1.97 (1.03—3.79) | 1.33 (0.62—2.86) |
Agitation, n (%) | 18 (42) | 42 (17.1) | 60 (20.8) | < 0.01 | 3.48 (1.74—6.95) | 2.76 (1.29—5.94) |
Syncope, n (%) | 4 (9.3) | 10 (4.1) | 14 (5) | 0.14 | 2.41 (0.72—8.07) | – |
Seizure, n (%) | 5 (11.6) | 3 (1.2) | 8 (2.8) | < 0.01 | 10.61 (2.44—46.24) | 27.2 (4.52—164.6) |