The relationship between headache-attributed disability and lost productivity: 2. Empirical evidence from population-based studies in nine disparate countries

Table 1 Headache-attributed disability by headache type and country, and migraine-attributed impairment by country (values are population means ± SEM [median])

Country	Migraine			Probable medication-overuse headache
Country	pTIS (%)	Disability¹ (%)	Impairment² (arbitrary units)	pTIS (%)	Disability¹ (%)
China	8.5 ± 0.7 [5.5]	3.8 ± 0.3 [2.4]	19.7 ± 1.6 [11.0]	–	–
Ethiopia	8.0 ± 0.3 [6.6]	3.5 ± 0.2 [2.9]	21.2 ± 0.9 [16.4]	61.6 ± 7.4 [66.7]	13.7 ± 1.6 [14.9]
India	5.9 ± 0.4 [2.7]	2.6 ± 0.2 [1.2]	15.1 ± 1.1 [6.6]	36.4 ± 5.9 [20.8]	8.1 ± 1.3 [4.7]
Lithuania + Luxembourg	8.9 ± 0.4 [5.5]	3.9 ± 0.2 [2.4]	20.1 ± 1.0 [11.2]	22.7 ± 3.0 [12.5]	5.1 ± 0.7 [2.8]
Nepal	5.9 ± 0.3 [3.3]	2.6 ± 0.1 [1.5]	14.2 ± 0.7 [6.8]	30.7 ± 4.1 [13.9]	6.9 ± 0.9 [3.1]
Pakistan	4.5 ± 0.2 [3.0]	2.0 ± 0.1 [1.3]	10.8 ± 0.5 [6.6]	49.9 ± 3.8 [37.5]	11.1 ± 0.8 [8.4]
Russia	7.1 ± 0.9 [3.7]	3.1 ± 0.4 [1.6]	17.2 ± 2.3 [8.2]	48.8 ± 4.6 [50.0]	10.9 ± 1.0 [11.2]
Spain	9.4 ± 0.5 [6.6]	4.1 ± 0.2 [2.9]	22.2 ± 1.3 [13.2]	24.3 ± 3.8 [10.4]	5.4 ± 0.9 [2.3]

pTIS: proportion of time in ictal state calculated at individual level as attack frequency*reported usual attack duration; ¹ calculated at individual level as pTIS*disability weight from GBD2015 [49]; ² calculated at individual level as pTIS*reported usual headache intensity.

ISSN: 1129-2377