Fig. 3

Effect of GLP-1R on the glucose level, body weight, and mechanical hyperalgesia of CM mice. a The schematic of experimental outline. b, c The graph shows the effect of liraglutide and exendin(9–39) on random blood glucose (b) and body weight (c). The results showed that chronic liraglutide treatment decreased the body weight of CM mice compared with that of the sham group. There were no differences between various groups in terms of glucose concentration. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 8/group; *p < 0.05 vs. sham group. d-g Repeated daily injection of liraglutide prevented basal periorbital (d) and hindpaw (f) mechanical allodynia. Post-treatment responses, including periorbital (e) and hindpaw (g) mechanical hyperalgesia, were assessed 2 h after NTG administration. Liraglutide did not significantly attenuate NTG-triggered acute hyperalgesia. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 8/group; two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc analysis; ^{*,^,$}p < 0.05, ^{**,^^}p < 0.01 and ^{***,^^^}p < 0.001 CM, CM + Exe(9–39), CM + Lira groups, respectively, vs. sham group; ^#p < 0.05 and ^##p < 0.01 CM + Lira group vs. CM group. Exe(9–39), exendin(9–39); Lira, liraglutide