Mild traumatic brain injury affects the features of migraine

Table 5 Headache Characteristics, Disability, Anxiety and Depression

	Total	mTBI group	non-TBI group	P-value^a	Gender, age, CM controlled P-value^e
Number	1054	413	641
Headache days per month
Mean (SD)	14.6 ± 10.0	15.0 ± 10.1	14.3 ± 9.9	0.283^b	0.722
Median (IQR)	12.0 (6.0–25.0)	13.0 (6.0–25.3)	11.2 (5.7–23.7)
Missing	108	41	67
Duration of headache history (years)
Mean (SD)	21.4 ± 15.8	22.7 ± 16.7	20.5 ± 15.1	0.132^b	0.149
Median (IQR)	19.3 (7.4–31.8)	20.1 (8.2–34.4)	18.7 (7.2–30.7)
Missing	248	95	153
Age at onset of headache
Mean (SD)	24.4 ± 14.4	23.5 ± 14.2	24.9 ± 14.5	0.116^d	0.051
Median (IQR)	20 (13–34)	19 (13–34)	21 (13–34)
Ratio		0.90 (0.03–1.78)
Hazard Ratio		1.12 (0.97–1.30)
Missing	216	84	135
Pain NRS
Mean (SD)	6.0 ± 1.7	6.0 ± 1.7	6.0 ± 1.7	0.857^b	0.963
Median (IQR)	6 (5–7)	6 (5–7)	6 (5–7)
Missing	103	40	63
MIDAS total score
Mean (SD)	53.3 ± 49.9	58.6 ± 52.6	50.0 ± 47.8	0.010^b	0.034
Median (IQR)	38 (15–80)	42 (18–85)	34.5 (15–72)
Missing	118	47	71
WPAI-% Absenteeism (work time missed due to migraine)
Mean (SD)	10.3 ± 19.4	12.8 ± 22.2	8.7 ± 17.2	0.012^b	0.031
Missing	495	195	300
WPAI-% Presenteeism (impairment while working due to migraine)
Mean (SD)	37.7 ± 25.4	39.6 ± 25.5	36.5 ± 25.2	0.385^b	0.312
Missing	495	195	300
WPAI-Total work productivity impairment
Mean (SD)	37.8 ± 26.4	40.0 ± 27.1	36.4 ± 26.3	0.140^b	0.229
Missing	495	195	300
WPAI-% activity impairment due to migraine
Mean (SD)	41.9 ± 26.7	44.4 ± 26.0	40.4 ± 27.1	0.148^b	0.200
Missing	521	299	222
PROMIS-PI-Tscore
Mean (SD)	63.2 ± 7.0	63.6 ± 7.1	62.9 ± 7.0	0.101^c	0.241
Missing	109	43	66

^aBolded text indicates significant difference. ^bMann-Whitney test (p-value of Shapiro-Wilk test was < 0.05). ^cWelch’s t-test. ^dLog-rank test. ^eLogistic regression model was performed, controlling for age, gender, and chronic migraine
CM Chronic Migraine, IQR interquartile range, MIDAS Migraine Disability Assessment Scale, mTBI mild traumatic brain injury, NRS Numeric Rating Scale, PROMIS- P I: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Pain Interference, SD significant difference, WPAI Work Productivity and Activity Impairment

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