Table 2 Study and patient characteristics

Alstadhaug et al. 2005 [3]

Norway

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MA (98)

MO (71)

MA: 34.1\(\pm\)7.2

MO: 32.5 \(\pm\)8.3

1:0

EM

PCOS (1), depression (2), hypothyroidism (6), asthma and/or allergy (16), hypertension, psoriasis, fibromyalgia and vitiligo

OC (33)

C, S

Alstadhaug et al. 2007 [25]

Norway

Diary, prospective

52

MA (50)

MO (34)

35.6 \(\pm\)6.8

1:0

EM

No concomitant serious disorder

NR

W

Alstadhaug et al. 2007 [26]

Norway

Diary, prospective

52

MA (50)

MO (34)

35.6\(\pm\)6.8

1:0

EM

No concomitant serious disorder

OC (10), beta-blockers (7)

C

Alstadhaug et al. 2007 [27]

Norway

Diary, prospective

52

MA (32)

MO (26)

36.9\(\pm\)6.0

1:0

EM

No concomitant serious disorder

NR

S

Bekkelund et al. 2017 [16]

Norway

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MA (106)

MO (196)

35.5\(\pm\)12.6

3.6:1

Monthly migraine days:

0–7 (69),

8–14 (66),

≥15 (166)

Insomnia (95), hypertension (21), chronic neck/shoulder pain (149)

Preventive medication (49), triptans (150), over-the-counter painkillers (267), prescribed painkillers (85)

S

Brewerton et al. 1990 [35]

USA

ED, retrospective

1044

MX (214)

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

S

Bruni et al. 2004 [17]

Italy

Diary, prospective

2

MO (18)

9.8\(\pm\)1.2

0.8:1

EM

No concomitant serious disorder

NR

C

Caperell et al. 2014 [36]

USA

ED, retrospective

130

MX (876)

Males: 12.9\(\pm\)3.1

Females: 13.9\(\pm\)3.0

1.8:1

NR

NR

NR

S

Cugini et al. 1990 [47]

Italy

Diary, prospective

52

MX (30)

Range:

17–37

1:1

NR

NR

NR

S, W

de Tommaso et al. 2018 [5]

Italy

Diary, prospective

12

MO (538) MO + MA (52)

CM (196)

MO: 37.4\(\pm\)12.5

MO + MA: 34.6\(\pm\)13.5

CM: 42.5\(\pm\)14.7

4.0:1

MO (mean\(\pm\)SD): 7.6\(\pm\)6.4

CM (mean\(\pm\)SD): 23.4\(\pm\)14.8

MO + MA (mean\(\pm\)SD): 7.7\(\pm\)6.9

Excluded patients with general medical and/or other neurological or psychiatric diseases

No CNS-active drugs or preventive migraine medication

C

Drescher et al. 2019 [31]

Austria, Germany and Switzerland

Diary, prospective

≥ 13

MX (1085)

43.0\(\pm\)12.6

4.1:1

EM

NR

NR

W

Gomersall et al. 1973 [18]

Scotland and England

Diary, prospective

26–52

MA (56)

MO (30)

HM (1)

Range: 11–70

3.7:1

NR

NR

NR

S, W

Gori et al. 2005 [39]

Italy

Diary, prospective

12

MX (100)

38.6\(\pm\)10.4

NR

NR

NR

NR

C

Hoffmann et al. 2010 [19]

Germany

Diary, prospective

52

MA (4)

MO (16)

Range: 18–65

3:1

EM

No other headaches

Preventive medication

C, S, W

Hoffmann et al. 2014 [40]

Germany

Diary, prospective

52

MX (100)

Range: 18–65

NR

NR

NR

Preventive medication

C, S, W

Kelman 2006 [32]

USA

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MO and MA** (1283)

37.7\(\pm\)12

Range: 13-80.5

5.4:1

EM

CM

No headaches related to trauma/injury or complicated neurological problems

Preventive medication (269)

C

Kimoto et al. 2011 [20]

Japan

Diary, prospective

52

MA (9)

MO (19)

NR

13:2

NR

Hyperlipidemia (3), hypertension (2)

NR

S

Knezevic-Pogancev 2006 [43]

Serbia and Montenegro

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MX (2644)

Range: 3–17

1.3:1

NR

NR

NR

C

Lilleng et al. 2009 [21]

Norway

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MA (28)

MO (60)

40.4\(\pm\)11.2

1.8:1

NR

No concomitant neurological disorders

NR

S

Marrelli et al. 1988 [41]

Italy

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MX and TTH*** (495)

35.8\(\pm\)12.9

NR

NR

No cluster headache or symptomatic headaches

NR

S

Morrison 1990 [28]

Sweden

Diary, prospective

6

MA (18)

MO (17)

41.1

1:0

Migraine attacks/6 weeks: 3.5

NR

Preventive medication (17), antidepressant (3), combined preparation with ergotamine (6), combined preparation without ergotamine (6)

W

Osterman et al. 1981 [45]

Sweden

Diary, prospective

4

MX (53)

40

3.4:1

NR

NR

No preventive medication

W

Park et al. 2017 [22]

South Korea

Diary, prospective

13

MA (1)

MO (81)

37.4\(\pm 8.3\)

5.3:1

6.5\(\pm\)5.3 (mean\(\pm\)SD)

No headaches attributed to secondary causes

Preventive treatment (36)

C

Robbins 1994 [37]

USA

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MX (494)

Range: 18–60

3.9:1

NR

NR

NR

S

Salvesen et al. 2000 [52]

Norway

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MX (289)

40.2

Range: 10–89

3.7:1

NR

NR

NR

S

Shin et al. 2015 [23]

South Korea

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MO (769)

48.2 \(\pm\)12.8

4.4:1

EM

NR

NR

C

Soriani et al. 2006 [24]

Italy

Diary, prospective

52

MO (115)

Males: 9.99\(\pm\)2.6

Females: 10.2\(\pm\)2.6

Range: 5–18

0.9:1

NR

NR

No preventive medication that could have modified the rhythm of symptoms

C, S

Szyszkowicz et al. 2009 [38]

Canada

ED, retrospective

NR

MX (64,839)

NR

3.5:1

NR

NR

NR

S

Timothy et al. 2011 [34]

Nigeria

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MX (100)

Females: 32.5\(\pm\)9.9

Males: 31.8\(\pm\)10.1

2.6:1

NR

No pregnancy or clinical evidence of an organic disease known to cause migraine

Sumatriptan, dihydroergotamine + caffeine and preventive medication

S

Van Oosterhout et al. 2017 [44]

The Netherlands

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MX (2389)

45.1\(\pm\)11.7

Range: 18–74

6.0:1

NR

Lifetime depression (970)

NR

C

Vgontzas et al. 2020 [29]

USA

Diary, prospective

6

MX (98)

35\(\pm\)12

7.2:1

5.0\(\pm\)3.6 (mean\(\pm\)SD)

NR

Preventive medication (26)

C

Villeneuve et al. 2006 [33]

Canada

ED, retrospective

417

MX (4039)

NR

2.9:1

NR

NR

NR

S

Wilkinson et al. 1979 [42]

England

Questionnaire, retrospective

NA

MX (310)

Control group MX (100)

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

C, S, W

Yang et al. 2015 [30]

Taiwan

Diary, prospective

≥ 28

MX (63)

Probable migraine (3)****

43.3\(\pm\)12.9

3.1:1

6.3\(\pm\)6.2 (mean\(\pm\)SD)

Hypertension (2), diabetes (6)

Propranolol (40), anticonvulsants (20), flunarizine (13), antidepressant (12)

S

Yilmaz et al. 2015 [46]

Turkey

ED, retrospective

52

MX (3491)

36\(\pm 11\)

2.6:1

NR

No other diseases causing headache

NR

S, W