Table 5 Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis to identify independent variables decreasing days with acute medication

Sex, male

3.42 (1.21–9.67)

0.021^*

4.78 (1.44–15.87)

0.011^*

Age, year

1.01 (0.97–1.06)

0.581

–

–

Marital status, married

1.51 (0.16–14.33)

0.720

–

–

Education level (>  12 years)

1.11 (0.31–4.00)

0.878

–

–

Household income monthly

1.71 (0.62–4.69)

0.300

–

–

Preexisting headache diagnoses (CTTH vs. others)

1.25 (0.46–3.42)

0.663

–

–

Duration of medication overuse

0.96 (0.87–1.05)

0.336

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.359

Available access to regular prophylactic medication

2.47 (0.89–6.85)

0.083

2.31 (0.63–8.43)

0.206

Following abrupt withdrawal

1.63 (0.59–4.45)

0.344

2.82 (0.67–11.91)

0.160

Headache intensity per month in the pre-pandemic 3 months period

1.07 (0.86–1.34)

0.535

1.04 (0.79–1.38)

0.780

Days per month with acute medication in the pre-pandemic 3 months period

1.04 (0.99–1.08)

0.127

1.05 (0.99–1.11)

0.131

History of epidemiological area exposure

0.36 (0.02–5.98)

0.474

–

–

Suspected COVID-19 cases themselves or in their relatives

–

1.000

–

–

COVID-19 cases in respondent’s residential community

0.36 (0.02–5.98)

0.474

–

–

Level of concern about COVID-19 pandemic

0.68 (0.42–1.12)

0.132

–

–

Duration spent on following news of pandemic, hours per day

1.10 (0.71–1.71)

0.656

–

–

Feel of difficulty in controlling emotion during the COVID-19 pandemic

1.40 (0.24–8.24)

0.714

–

–

Stressors total score during the COVID-19 pandemic

1.00 (0.96–1.06)

0.866

–

–

Fear for getting COVID-19

0.94 (0.80–1.12)

0.505

–

–

Physical and psychological distress caused by isolation

0.98 (0.74–1.28)

0.863

0.93 (0.67–1.29)

0.664

Inconvenience caused by work and life changes

1.00 (0.83–1.21)

0.979

1.10 (0.87–1.39)

0.426

Social discrimination

–

0.999

–

–

Limited social function

1.05 (0.93–1.18)

0.430

–

–

Economic losses

1.06 (0.87–1.29)

0.591

–

–

Coronavirus death of family members or friends

–

1.000

–

–

Kessler 6-item psychological distress scale during the COVID-19 pandemic

1.07 (0.89–1.29)

0.497

–

–