Fig. 4

The effect of repeated IVM administration on migraine-related behaviours and neurochemical signalling in the TNC. Mice were treated with IVM every second day for 9 days with two doses (0.1 mg/ml or 1 mg/ml, i.p.). a, b Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed in different groups. p < 0.01 for drug, time, and interaction. Two-way RM ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc analysis. n = 9/group. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus VEH group. c Representative photos of CGRP-immunoreactive staining in the TNC of different groups under a 10 × objective lens (upper row, scale bar = 200 μm) and 20 × objective lens (lower row, scale bar = 20 μm). The white box was enlarged. d Mean area covered by CGRP-immunoreactive fibres in different groups. One-way ANOVA. n = 8/group, ***p < 0.001 versus VEH. e, f Representative Western blot results for p-ERK in different groups. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. n = 6/group, *p < 0.05 versus VEH