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Table 1 Summary of characteristics of included studies

From: Efficacy of psychological treatment for headache disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study ID

Published country

Headache type

Intervention used in study arms (N)

Control group N

Duration of intervention

Outcome measure

Time of outcome measure

K. A. Foster et al., 2004

USA

Primary headache

Attention control (6)

12

6 weeks

Frequency attack

Intensity, duration, medication usage, self-reported HQOL

6 weeks

Trager treatment (11)

E. B. Blanchard et al., 1991

USA

Tension type headache

Progressive muscle relaxation with home practice (14)

6

8 weeks

HI, HI improvement

MI

12 weeks

Progressive muscle relaxation without home practice (13)

E. B. Blanchard et al., 1991

USA

Migraine

Thermal biofeedback with home practice (18)

10

6 weeks

HI

MI

10 weeks

Thermal biofeedback without home practice (19)

T. Finn et al., 1991

USA

Tension type headache

Progressive muscle relaxation (8)

9

10 weeks

Frequency attack

Duration, severity, headache free days

10 weeks, 2 months

Rational-emotive therapy (8)

Headache discussion (10)

H. Mo’tamedi et al., 2012

Iran

Primary headache

Acceptance and commitment therapy (15)

15

8 weeks

MIDAS

Intensity, duration

8 weeks

D. Kewman et al., 1980

USA

Migraine

Skin temperature biofeedback,raise finger temperature (11)

11

9 weeks + 1 day

Frequency attack

Duration, number of symptoms, disability, composite medication rating

15 weeks

Skin temperature biofeedback, lower finger temperature (12)

A. Kleiboer et al., 2014

Netherlands

Migraine

Online behavioral training in migraine self-management (195)

173

8 weeks

Frequency day, MIDAS

HMSE, HSLC, MSQOL, intensity

8 weeks

P. D’Souza et al., 2008

USA

Migraine

Relaxation training (28)

31

4 weeks

Frequency day, MIDAS

Severity

1 month, 3 months

Written emotional disclosure (31)

Tension type headache

Relaxation training (17)

17

Written emotional disclosure (17)

B. Meyer et al., 2016

Germany

Migraine

Progressive muscle relaxation (16)

19

6 weeks

Frequency day

6 weeks, 18 weeks

R. E. Wells et al., 2014

USA

Migraine

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (10)

9

8 weeks

Frequency attack, disability

Severity, Duration, HIT-6, Headache management self efficacy, Migraine-specific quality of life

8 weeks, 12 weeks

V. Bembalgi et al., 2012

India

Tension type headache

Auditory galvanic skin resistance biofeedback (30)

31

Not specified (15 sessions)

Frequency attack

Duration, intensity

6 months after treatment

Visual galvanic skin resistance biofeedback (30)

Combined galvanic skin resistance biofeedback (30)

O. Slavin-Spenny et al., 2013

USA

Primary headache

Relaxation training (48)

49

6 weeks

Frequency day, MIDAS

Severity, duration

10 weeks

Anger awareness and expression training (50)

H. Mansourishad et al., 2017

Iran

Migraine

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (13)

13

1 month

Frequency attack

Intensity, duration

1 month, 3 months

E. H. Kang et al., 2009

Korea

Migraine

Biofeedback-assisted autogenic training (17)

15

4 weeks

HI improvement

2 weeks, 4 weeks

P. Bruhn et al., 1979

Denmark

Tension type headache

Electromyographic feedback therapy (13)

10

8 weeks

HI improvement

Drug intake, Duration

8 weeks, 20 weeks

K. A. Appelbaum et al., 1990

USA

Tension type headache

Progressive muscle relaxation training (16)

8

8 weeks

HI, HI improvement

MI

12 weeks

Progressive muscle relaxation training plus selected cognitive stress coping techniques (17)

V. Bembalgi et al., 2013

India

Tension type headache

Electromyography biofeedback (23)

22

Not specified (15 sessions)

Frequency attack

Intensity, duration, analgesic usage

1 month, 6 months, 12 months

Galvanic skin resistance biofeedback (22)

P. Martin et al., 2007

Australia

Primary headache

Cognitive behavioral therapy (18)

13

2 months

HI improvement

Medication use

2 months, 6 months, 12 months

Temporal pulse amplitude biofeedback training (19)

L. A. Rokicki et al., 1997

USA

Tension type headache

Combined relaxation and electromyographic biofeedback therapy (30)

14

3 weeks

HI, HI improvement

Headache free days, medication intake, headache activity

3 weeks

S. Cathcart et al., 2014

Australia

Tension type headache

Mindfulness-based therapy (23)

19

3 weeks

Frequency day

Intensity, duration

3 weeks

J. Gauthier et al., 1983

Canada

Migraine

Temporal Artery Constriction feedback (7)

7

2 months

Frequency day

Intensity, duration, medication

2 m

Temporal artery dilation feedback (7)

G. Pickering et al., 2012

France

Migraine

Autogenic training (29)

29

2 months

Frequency day

Headache score, analgesics consumption

2 months, 4 months

T. Devineni et al., 2005

USA

Primary headache

Progressive muscle relaxation plus cognitive stress coping therapy for tension-type headache, Autogenic training plus progressive muscle relaxation for migraine or mixed headache (39)

47

1 month

HI improvement

HDI, MI

1 month

S. Cousins et al., 2015

UK

Migraine

Brief guided self-help cognitive behavioral therapy and relaxation treatment (36)

37

5 weeks

Frequency day, MIDAS

HIT-6, mean number of days rescue medication used

4 months

E. Blanchard et al., 1990

USA

Primary headache

Thermal biofeedback with adjunctive relaxation training (32)

54 (Pseudo-meditation 24, WL 30)

2 months

HI, HI improvement

MI

2 months

Thermal biofeedback with adjunctive relaxation training plus cognitive therapy (30)

E. B. Blanchard et al., 1990

USA

Primary headache

Home based thermal biofeedback + relaxation training (30)

17

2 months

HI, HI improvement

MI

2 months

Home based thermal biofeedback + relaxation training plus instruction in cognitive stress coping techniques (29)

M. Odawara et al., 2015

Japan

Migraine

Biofeedback (16)

11

10w

Frequency day

Intensity, headache related disability

14 weeks

  1. N, Number of subjects included in each study arm; HQOL, headache quality of life; HI, headache index; MI, medication index; MIDAS, migraine disability assessment; HMSE, headache management self-efficacy; HSLC, headache-specific locus of control scale; MSQOL, migraine specific quality of life; HIT-6, headache disability inventory; WL, waiting list