Table 2 Studies evaluating cognitive function in migraine patients < 50 years
Migraine Phase | Cognitive Domains Affected in Migraine | Study design | Evaluation Methods | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ictal, interictal | Executive functions | Cross sectional, clinic based | HCC-ANAM | Migraine attack negatively affects executive functions | |
Ictal | Â | Cross sectional No information about recruitment of migraine sample | MEWT- Matching to Sample | Working memory decline at the onset of a migraine attack | Edwards et al., 2013 [11] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Trail Making Test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test | Impaired working memory and sustained attention in migraine patients | Zeitlin et al.,1984 [39] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WAIS-R Digit Span Subtest | Impairment in sustained attention in migraine patients | Hooker et al., 1986 [14] |
Interictal |  | Cross sectional Migraine patients were recruited from college students | Neuropsychological Evaluation System-1) Continuous Performance with Pictures 2) Continuous Performance with Letters 3)Color Word Task 4)Symbol Digit Substitution Task | Impairment in sustained attention in migraine patients | Mulder et al.,1999 [43] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Trail Making Test-B, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test | Impaired executive functions in migraine patients | Camarda et al., 2007 [47] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | MoCA | Migraineurs performed worse in executive functions part | Huang et al.,2017 [13] |
Chronic migrainea | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Tower of Hanoi-3 | Impairments in planning, sequencing skills and working memory in migraine patients | Mongini et al., 2015 [38] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, population based | Trail Making Test-B | Poorer performance in Trail Making Test-B in migraine patients suggesting an impairment in executive functions | Pellegrino Baena et al., 2018 [25] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional Migraine patients were recruited from college students | Trail Making Test | No difference between migraine patients and controls regarding working memory | Burker et al., 1989 [52] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional The migraine patients were recruited from a meeting of a local organization for migraine patients and from patients of general practitioners | Continuous Performance Test, Digit Span Backwards | No difference between migraine patients and control subjects regarding sustained attention and working memory | Leijdekkers et al., 1990 [16] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting test | No difference between migraine patients and control subjects | Lo Buono et al., 2017 [20] |
Ictal, interictal | Attention | Cross sectional, clinic based | HCC-ANAM - Continuous Performance Test | Migraine attack negatively affects attention | |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Stroop Test, Trail Making Test | Impaired attention in migraine patients | Zeitlin et al., 1984 [39] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional Migraine patients were recruited from college students | Neuropsychological Evaluation System-1) Continuous Performance with Pictures 2) Continuous Performance with Letters 3) Color Word Task | Migraine patients were slower in tasks requiring selective attention | Mulder et al., 1999 [43] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Boston Scanning Test (or Visual Continuous Performance Test) | Impaired attention in migraine patients | Le Pira et al., 2000 [15] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, population based | Trail Making Test-B | Impairment in attention in migraine patients | Pellegrino Baena et al., 2018 [25] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional Migraine patients were recruited from college students | Trail Making Test | No difference between migraine patients and controls | Burker et al., 1989 [52] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional No information about recruitment of migraine sample | Automatic Attention Task and Conscious Visual Attention Task | High visual discomfort, rather than migraine is associated with poorer performance | Conlon et al., 2001 [18] |
Ictal, interictal | Visuospatial memory | Cross sectional, clinic based | HCC-ANAM - Matching to sample | Visual memory was negatively affected during migraine attack | |
Ictal | Â | Cross sectional No information about recruitment of migraine sample | MEWT- Matching to Sample | Visual memory decline at the onset of a migraine attack | Edwards et al., 2013 [11] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Rey Complex Figure test | Impaired visuospatial memory in migraine patients | Le Pira et al., 2000 [15] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional Migraine patients were recruited from college students | Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test | No difference between migraine patients and controls | Burker et al., 1989 [52] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional The migraine patients were recruited from a meeting of a local organization for migraine patients and from patients of general practitioners | Pattern Memory Test | No significant difference between migraine patients and control subjects | Leijdekkers et al., 1990 [16] |
Ictal | Verbal memory | Cross sectional, clinic based | California Verbal Learning Test | Verbal memory performance of migraineurs were decreased during a migraine attack | Gil-Gouveia et al., 2015 [8] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WMS-Revised | Verbatim recall of short stories after 30-min delay was performed significantly worse in migraineurs | Hooker et al., 1986 [14] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | California Verbal Learning Test | Verbal memory impairment in migraine patients | Le Pira et al., 2000 [15] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | MoCA | Migraineurs performed worse in verbal memory | Huang et al.,2017 [13] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Memory for Intentions Screening Test | Migraine without aura patients performed significantly worse than healthy controls on time-based and event-based scales | Santangelo et al. 2018 [37] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional Migraine patients were recruited from college students | Selective Reminding Test | No difference between migraine patients and controls | Burker et al., 1989 [52] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional The migraine patients were recruited from a meeting of a local organization for migraine patients and from patients of general practitioners | Associate Learning | No significant difference between migraine patients and control subjects | Leijdekkers et al., 1990 [16] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test | No difference between migraine patients and healthy controls | Lo Buono et al., 2017 [20] |
Interictal | Recognition memory | Cross sectional, clinic based | National hospital forced choice recognition test for words and faces | Migraine patients had worse performance in recognition memory tasks | Zeitlin et al., 1984 [39] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Memory for Intentions Screening Test | Migraine without aura patients performed significantly worse than healthy controls on recognition subscale | Santangelo et al. 2018 [37] |
Ictal, interictal | Information processing speed | Cross sectional, clinic based | HCC-ANAM - Simple reaction time | Increased cognitive processing time during a migraine attack | |
Ictal | Â | Cross sectional No information about the recruitment of migraine sample | MEWT-1) Simple reaction time 2) Procedural reaction time | Impairment in mental processing in migraine patients during a migraine attack | Edwards et al., 2013 [11] |
Ictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | The word reading task of the Stroop | Reduced processing speed in migraine patients during a migraine attack | Gil-Gouveia et al., 2015 [8] |
Post-ictal | Â | Cross sectional No information about the recruitment of migraine sample | Computerized posner paradigm, calculating visual reaction times | Reaction times (RTs) during the post-ictal period were significantly higher than the RTs during interictal period | Mazzucchi et al., 1988 [12] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Stroop Test, trail making test, choice reaction time, paced auditory serial addition test | Increased reaction time in migraine patients | Zeitlin et al., 1984 [39] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | WAIS-R Digit Span Subtest | Reduced visuomotor processing speed in migraine patients | Hooker et al., 1986 [14] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Digit Symbol Substitution Test | A poorer performance in visuomotor processing speed in migraine patients | Calandre et al., 2002 [46] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional No information about recruitment of migraine sample | Automatic attention task and conscious visual attention task | High visual discomfort, rather than migraine is associated with poorer performance | Conlon et al., 2001 [18] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, population based | Trail Making Test-B | Decreased processing speed in migraine patients | Pellegrino Baena et al., 2018 [25] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional No information about the recruitment of migraine sample | Computerized posner paradigm, calculating visual reaction times | Migraine patients had RTs during the interictal period that were not significantly different from control subjects | Mazzucchi et al., 1988 [12] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional The migraine patients were recruited from a meeting of a local organization for migraine patients and from patients of general practitioners | Simple Reaction Time, Symbol Digit Substitution Task, Color Word Vigilance Test, Pattern Comparison Task, Sternberg Memory Scanning Task | No significant difference between migraine patients and control subjects | Leijdekkers et al., 1990 [16] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Word Priming Task, Orientation Search Task, Temporal Discrimination Task | No difference between migraine patients and control subjects regarding response time | Palmer et al., 1998 [19] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Trail Making Test-Part A | No difference between migraine patients and healthy controls | Lo Buono et al., 2017 [20] |
Ictal | Verbal skills | Cross sectional, clinic based | The word reading task of the Stroop | Disturbances in reading was observed in migraine patients during a migraine attack | Gil-Gouveia et al., 2015 [8] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale | No difference between migraine patients and controls | Zeitlin et al., 1984 [39] |
Interictal | Â | Longitudinal, population based | WISC-R | Migraine patients were significantly impaired on tests of verbal ability between the ages 3 and 13 however no decline with age was observed | Waldie et al., 2002 [30] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional Migraine patients were recruited from college students | Aphasia screening test, Speech Sounds Perception Test | No difference between migraine patients and controls | Burker et al., 1989 [52] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional The migraine patients were recruited from a meeting of a local organization for migraine patients and from patients of general practitioners | Vocabulary Test | No significant difference between migraine patients and control subjects | Leijdekkers et al., 1990 [16] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Verbal Fluency Test | No difference between migraine patients and healthy controls | Lo Buono et al., 2017 [20] |
Ictal | Calculation | Cross sectional, clinic based | HCC-ANAM - Mathematical processing | Impairment in mathematical processing during a migraine attack | |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | Paced auditory serial addition test | Disturbance in calculation ability in migraine patients | Zeitlin et al., 1984 [39] |
Interictal | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | MoCA | Calculation was impaired in migraine patients | Huang et al.,2017 [13] |
Ictal | Somatosensory information processing | Cross sectional, clinic based | STD | Prolonged STD threshold values | Boran et al., 2016 [61] Vuralli et al., 2017 [62] |
Chronic migraine (during headache and headache free periods) | Â | Cross sectional, clinic based | STD | Prolonged STD threshold values during both during headache and headache free periods | Vuralli et al., 2016 [63] |