Table 1 Descriptive statistics for all respondents with secondary chronic headache. P-value given for the comparison of chronic post-traumatic headache/cervicogenic headache vs. headache attributed to chronic rhinosinusitis
All secondary chronic headaches N = 95 | Post-traumatic/cervicogenic headache N = 50 | Rhinosinusitis headache N = 39 | (p-value for CPTH/CEH vs. HACRS) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 38.7 (4.2) | 38.9 (4.2) | 38.9 (3.8) | 0.82 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.06 | |||
Female | 77 (81) | 37 (74) | 35 (90) | |
Male | 18 (19) | 13 (26) | 4 (10) | |
Education, highest attained, n (%) | 0.92 | |||
≤ 15 years | 75 (76) | 38 (76) | 30 (77) | |
> 15 years | 24 (25) | 12 (24) | 9 (23) | |
Married or cohabitant, n (%) | 60 (63) | 32 (64) | 25 (64) | 0.99 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 26.6 (5.0) | 27.4 (5.3) | 25.5 (4.5) | 0.11 |
Daily smoker, n (%) | 0.93 | |||
No | 57 (63) | 30 (63) | 24 (62) | |
Yes | 35 (37) | 18 (37) | 15 (38) | |
Concomitant migraine, n (%) | 0.15 | |||
No | 55 (58) | 32 (64) | 19 (49) | |
Yes | 40 (42) | 18 (36) | 20 (51) | |
Number of headache days past 3 months, mean (SD) | 62.0 (27.1) | 70.5 (25.4) | 52.4 (24.5) | 0.002 |
Number of medication days past month, mean (SD) | 12.8 (10.8) | 13.4 (11.5) | 13.2 (10.3) | 0.94 |
Medication-overuse, n (%) | 0.76 | |||
No | 50 (53) | 26 (52) | 19 (49) | |
Yes | 45 (47) | 24 (48) | 20 (51) | |
HSCL-25 scores, mean (SD) | ||||
Anxiety score, mean (SD) | ||||
Female | 1.80 (0.46) | 1.88 (0.43) | 1.79 (0.48) | 0.37 |
Male | 1.84 (0.49) | 1.85 (0.50) | 1.88 (0.56) | 0.94 |
Depression score, mean (SD) | ||||
Female | 1.83 (0.55) | 1.88 (0.59) | 1.87 (0.50) | 0.96 |
Male | 1.79 (0.56) | 1.76 (0.56) | 1.67 (0.49) | 0.77 |
Total score, mean (SD) | ||||
Female | 1.82 (0.48) | 1.88 (0.49) | 1.84 (0.44) | 0.70 |
Male | 1.81 (0.49) | 1.80 (0.52) | 1.75 (0.51) | 0.88 |
HSCL-25, psychological distress, n (%) | 0.40 | |||
No (< 1.67 for men and < 1.75 for women) | 48 (51) | 22 (45) | 21 (54) | |
Yes (> 1.67 for men and > 1.75 for women) | 46 (49) | 27 (55) | 18 (46) | |
EPQ N-score, mean (SD) | 11.4 (5.4) | 10.6 (5.5) | 12.9 (4.9) | 0.06 |
EPQ L-score, mean (SD) | 10.6 (3.2) | 10.4 (3.6) | 10.9 (2.6) | 0.5 |
MIDAS score, mean (SD) | 66 (60) | 80 (60) | 44 (46) | 0.005 |
MIDAS score (grade), n (%) | 0.23 | |||
0–5 Minimal | 16 (20) | 6 (14) | 9 (27) | |
6–10 Mild | 4 (5) | 2 (5) | 2 (6) | |
11–20 Moderate | 5 (6) | 1 (2) | 3 (9) | |
> 20 Severe | 55 (69) | 33 (79) | 19 (58) | |