Multigroup latent class model of musculoskeletal pain combinations in children/adolescents: identifying high-risk groups by gender and age

Table 1 Prevalence of MSP (n (%)) in gender–age categories in different body regions

	Gender–age categories				P-value*
	Girls ≤13 years	Girls ≥14 years	Boys ≤13 years	Boys ≥14 years
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Pain at 1 location
Neck pain	136 (28.9%)	99 (27.2%)	112 (31.0%)	90 (23.6%)	0.135
Shoulder pain	108 (23.0%)^a	77 (21.2%)^a	87 (24.1%)^a	54 (14.2%) ^b	0.003
Upper back pain	84 (17.9%)	64 (17.6%)	83 (23.0%)	67 (17.6%)	0.164
Low back pain	181 (38.5%) ^a	111 (30.5%)^b	146 (40.4%) ^a	105 (27.6%)^b	< 0.001
Pain at 2 locations
Neck/shoulder pain	190 (40.4%)^a	145 (39.8%)^a	155 (42.9%)^a	116 (30.4%) ^b	0.002
Shoulder/upper back pain	166 (35.3%)^a	121 (33.2%)^a,b	136 (37.7%)^a	104 (27.3%) ^b	0.018
Shoulder/low back pain	222 (47.2%) ^a,b	149 (40.9%)^b,c	191 (52.9%) ^a	139 (36.5%)^c	< 0.001
Low back/upper back pain	171 (36.4%) ^a	101 (27.7%)^b	131 (36.3%) ^a	108 (28.3%)^b	0.006
Neck/low back pain	161 (34.3%)	120 (33.0%)	130 (36.0%)	123 (32.3%)	0.722
Neck/upper back pain	150 (31.9%)	99 (27.2%)	101 (28.0%)	95 (24.9%)	0.145
Pain at 3 locations
Neck/shoulder/low back pain	264 (56.2%)^a,b	193 (53.0%)^b,c	224 (62.0%)^a	178 (46.7%) ^c	< 0.001
Neck/shoulder/upper back pain	227 (48.3%)^a	170 (46.7%)^a	179 (49.6%)^a	147 (38.6%) ^b	0.010
Neck/low back/upper back pain	267 (56.8%)^a,b	182 (50.0%)^b,c	211 (58.4%)^a	180 (47.2%) ^c	0.004
Shoulder/low back/upper back pain	251 (53.4%)^a,b	172 (47.3%)^b,c	215 (59.6%)^a	170 (44.6%) ^c	< 0.001
Pain at all 4 locations
Neck/shoulder/low back/upper back pain	286 (60.9%)^a,b	206 (56.6%)^b,c	236 (65.4%)^a	197 (51.7%) ^c	0.001

*P-value based on Chi-Squared test (using exact procedure)
In each row, each subscript letter denotes a subset of gender–age categories whose column proportions do not differ significantly from each other at the 0.05 level. Significant differences are shown in bold

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