Table 1 A historical table of important discoveries related to effects of PACAP and its receptors
Year | First discovery in animals | First discovery in humans | Important discoveries related to PACAP and its receptors in CNS |
|---|---|---|---|
1989 | Isolation of PACAP38 from an ovine hypothalamus extract [13] | Â | stimulation of cAMP production [13] |
1990 | Isolation of PACAP27 from an ovine hypothalamus extract [14] | Cloning of human precursor of PACAP cDNA [11] | Â |
Cloning of ovine precursor of PACAP cDNA [11] | Â | Â | |
1992 | Cloning of rat VPAC1R [27] | Â | Reduction of food uptake [53] |
1993 | Cloning of rat PAC1R cDNA [20] | Cloning of human PAC1R cDNA [25] | Increase in vasopressin release [54] |
Cloning of rat VPAC2R cDNA [23] | Cloning of human VPAC1R cDNA [31] | ||
1995 | Â | Â | Stimulation of drinking [55] |
1996 | Â | Â | Increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), somatostatin [56] |
Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion [57] | |||
Suppression of ischemia-induced death of hippocampal neurons [60] | |||
1998 | Â | Â | Involvement in the circadian pacemaker clock [61] |
2000 | Â | Â | Generation of PAC1-R KO mice [62] |
Improvement of the learning and memory processes in a passive avoidance paradigm [63] | |||
2001 | Â | Â | |
2003 | Â | Â | Proliferation in astrocytes [66] |
2004 | Â | Â | Neuronal differentiation of mouse ES cells [67] |
Association of PACAP with retardation, phychotic behavior, hyperactive behavior [68] | |||
2006 | Â | Â | Neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells [69] |
2007 | Â | Â | Association of PACAP and PAC1-R with schizophrenia [70] |
2010 | Â | Â | Association of PACAP with major depressive disorder [71] |
2011 | Â | Â | Association of PAC1-R with PTSD [72] |
2013 | Â | Â | Association of VPAC2-R with schizophrenia [73] |
2014 | Â | Â | Suppression of cortical damage with traumatic brain injury [74] |