Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the patients
|  | Baseline characteristics (n = 259) | 12-month follow-up | 36-month follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headache improved (n = 154) | Headache not improved (n = 105) | P value | Headache improved (n = 225) | Headache not improved (n = 34) | P value | ||
Age (mean ± SD) | 37.9 ± 10.4 | 39.4 ± 11.4 | 38.6 ± 12.1 | 0.801 | 40.4 ± 12.5 | 42.1 ± 12.8 | 0.545 |
Female (n, %) | 116 (44.8) | 72 (46.8) | 44 (41.9) | 0.685 | 102 (45.3) | 14 (41.2) | 0.617 |
Cause of traumatic brain injury (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.651 | Â | Â | 0.452 |
 Motor vehicle accident | 142 (54.8) | 93 (60.4) | 59 (56.2) |  | 122 (54.2) | 20 (58.8) |  |
 Fall from height | 61 (23.6) | 33 (21.4) | 28 (26.7) |  | 57 (25.3) | 4 (11.8) |  |
 Direct hit on the head | 56 (21.6) | 28 (18.2) | 28 (26.7) |  | 46 (20.4) | 10 (29.4) |  |
Mechanism of traumatic brain injury (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.434 | Â | Â | 0.885 |
 Whiplash | 36 (13.9) | 22 (14.3) | 14 (13.3) |  | 31 (13.8) | 5 (14.7) |  |
 Head being struck | 53 (20.5) | 33 (21.4) | 20 (19.0) |  | 45 (20.0) | 8 (23.5) |  |
 Head striking an object | 170 (65.6) | 99 (64.3) | 71 (67.6) |  | 149 (66.2) | 21 (61.8) |  |
Loss of consciousness (n, %) | 144 (55.6) | 79 (51.3) | 65 (61.9) | 0.148 | 123 (54.7) | 21 (61.8) | 0.264 |
Vomiting (n, %) | 73 (28.2) | 41 (26.6) | 32 (20.8) | 0.353 | 66 (29.3) | 7 (20.6) | 0.192 |
Tinnitus (n, %) | 25 (9.7) | 16 (10.4) | 7 (8.6) | 0.638 | 23 (10.2) | 2 (5.9) | 0.312 |
Visual symptoms (n, %) | 18 (6.9) | 12 (7.8) | 6 (5.7) | 0.755 | 16 (7.1) | 2 (5.9) | 0.863 |
Confusion (n, %) | 50 (19.3) | 32 (20.8) | 18 (17.1) | 0.621 | 41 (18.2) | 9 (26.5) | 0.206 |
Post-traumatic amnesia (n, %) | 57 (22.0) | 38 (24.7) | 19 (18.1) | 0.446 | 47 (20.9) | 10 (29.4) | 0.127 |
Post-traumatic seizure (n, %) | 16 (6.2) | 3 (1.9) | 13 (12.4) | 0.145 | 6 (2.7) | 10 (29.4) | 0.041 |
Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (n, %) | 42 (16.2) | 10 (6.5) | 32 (20.8) | 0.072 | 19 (8.4) | 23 (67.6) | 0.008 |
Previously diagnosed headache (n, %) | 52 (20.1) | 25 (16.2) | 27 (25.7) | 0.096 | 41 (18.2) | 11 (32.4) | 0.076 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 110 (42.5) | 71 (46.1) | 39 (37.1) | 0.185 | 96 (42.7) | 14 (41.2) | 0.814 |
Diabetes (n, %) | 51 (19.7) | 33 (21.4) | 18 (17.1) | 0.549 | 44 (19.6) | 7 (20.6) | 0.905 |
Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 59 (22.8) | 41 (26.6) | 18 (17.1) | 0.177 | 54 (24.0) | 5 (14.7) | 0.258 |
Smoking (n, %) | 76 (29.3) | 43 (27.9) | 33 (31.4) | 0.646 | 65 (28.9) | 11 (32.4) | 0.649 |
Alcohol (n, %) | 63 (24.3) | 42 (27.3) | 21 (20.0) | 0.225 | 56 (24.9) | 7 (20.6) | 0.561 |
Antiplatelet agent (n, %) | 21 (8.1) | 15 (9.7) | 6 (5.7) | 0.376 | 19 (8.4) | 2 (5.9) | 0.454 |
Anticoagulant (n, %) | 5 (1.9) | 3 (1.9) | 2 (1.9) | 0.889 | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.623 |