Table 9 Univariate analysis comparing variables significantly associated with CH against healthy participants
| Â | Healthy participants | Participants with CH | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Â | 4519 | 191 | Â |
Sex | |||
 Male | 2241(49.6) | 46(24.1) | P < 0.01* |
 Female | 2278(50.4) | 145(75.9) | |
Age | |||
 60–69 | 2243(49.6) | 114(59.7) | P = 0.007* |
  ≥ 70 | 2276(50.4) | 77(40.3) | |
Education (years) | |||
  ≤ 5 | 3040(67.3) | 138(72.3) | P = 0.150 |
  > 5 | 1479(32.7) | 53(27.7) | |
Current smoker | |||
 Yes | 1338(29.6) | 36(18.8) | P = 0.001* |
 No | 3181(70.4) | 155(81.2) | |
Currently drinks alcohol | |||
 Yes | 1164(25.8) | 23(12 %) | P < 0.01* |
 No | 3355(74.2) | 168(88 %) | |
Widowed/separated | |||
 Yes | 791(17.5) | 33(17.3) | P = 0.963 |
 No | 3728(82.5) | 158(82.7) | |
Social activities | |||
 Yes | 793(17.5) | 14(7.3) | P < 0.01* |
 No | 3726(82.5) | 177(92.7) |  |
Comorbidities | |||
 Hypertension | 1520(33.6) | 81(42.4) | P = 0.012* |
2999(66.4) | 110(57.6) | ||
 Diabetes mellitus | 337(7.5) | 25(13.1) | P = 0.004* |
4182(92.5) | 166(86.9) | ||
 Heart disease | 631(14) | 48(25.1) | P < 0.01* |
3888(86) | 143(74.9) | ||