Table 1 The effect of VPA on the oxidative stress response in NTG-induced migraine rats (mean ± SD)

MDA (nmol/mg protein)

10.8 ± 1.9

8.5 ± 2.8

25.3 ± 6.7*^,**

21.8 ± 4.2*^,**

13.5 ± 3.5***^,****

GSH (nmol/mg protein)

8.9 ± 1.2

8.4 ± 1.9

5.2 ± 0.9*^,**

6.2 ± 1.5*

8.2 ± 1.5***

GSH-x (U/g protein)

17.8 ± 0.6

16.3 ± 3.4

7.8 ± 2.0*^,**

10.8 ± 3.0*^,**

15.1 ± 2.1***^,****

Vitamin A (μmol/g brain)

3.3 ± 0.7

3.2 ± 0.5

1.6 ± 0.3*^,**

2.1 ± 0.3*^,**

2.9 ± 0.4***^,****

Vitamin C (μmol/g brain)

71.0 ± 16.6

69.2 ± 11.7

33.8 ± 8.0*^,**

44.0 ± 6.6*^,**

62.5 ± 9.6***

Vitamin E (μmol/g brain)

11.0 ± 1.5

11.8 ± 2.0

5.8 ± 1.5*^,**

7.4 ± 1.1*^,**

9.0 ± 1.6***