Table 3 Various descriptions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) conducted in the studies
From: Electronic behavioral interventions for headache: a systematic review
Connelly, 2005[44] | A CD-ROM program was provided to give additional strategies to help manage head pain. |
Rapoff, 2014 [45] | “…lessons on how to use various empirically supported cognitive-behavioral treatments to self-manage recurrent headaches…focused on problem-solving and stress management, and targeted pain behavior and parental response to pain.” |
Day, 2014 [46] | “8-week MBCT for depression Protocol” Protocol: Segal Z, Williams JM, Teasdale J. Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York: The Guilford Press; 2002. |
Bromberg, 2012 [27] | “Lessons—interactive instruction for learning practical pain self-management skills and strategies, and how to apply them to solve problems. Tools—visual and graphic interactive learning experiences that allow users to actively manipulate information to construct knowledge and learn to solve problems. Self-assessments—structured sets of questions that help users to reflect on and learn what skills and knowledge they have, where their relative strengths and deficits are, and how to identify what behaviors to target for change.” |
Law, 2015 [43] | “Psychological therapy included face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for pain management and/or biofeedback. In addition, participants received access to an Internet CBT program (Web-based Management of Adolescent Pain; Web-MAP). The design and treatment content of Web-MAP was identical to the original version of the program.” Original program: Palermo TM, Wilson AC, Peters M, Lewandowski A, Somhegyi H. Randomized controlled trial of an internet-delivered family cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for children and adolescents with chronic pain. Pain. 2009;146:205-213. |
Trautmann, 2010 [47] | “Adapted from the manualized face-to-face group therapy program devised by Denecke and Kro¨ ner-Herwig for children with recurrent headache.” Manual in German: Denecke, H., & Kroner-Herwig, B. (2000). Kopfschmerztherapie mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Ein Trainingsprogramm.Gottingen: Hogrefe. “The first module presented education on headaches, the second unit focused on stress management (perception of own stress symptoms, coping with stress). In the following modules the participants acquired various skills including “cognitive restructuring (identification of dysfunctional cognitions regarding headache and stress and identifying functional cognitions).” |
Sorbi, 2015 [48] | Focused on “graded tasks, specific goal setting and review of behavioral goals; behavior self-monitoring with teaching the use of prompts and cues, feedback on performance and barrier identification; behavioral modeling and social comparison, a focus on time- or stress-management, and relapse prevention. Adapted from several studies and later on turned into a module: Sorbi MJ and Swaen SJ. Protocollaire behandeling van patienten met migraine en spanningshoofdpijn:Ontspannings training en cognitieve training (Training according to protocol in migraine and tension-type headache: Relaxation training and cognitive training). In: Keijsers GPJ, van Minnen A and Hoogduin CAL(eds) Protocollaire behandelingen in de ambulante geeste-lijke gezondheidszorg (Treatment according to protocol in ambulatory mental health care). Houten: Bohn Stafleuvan Loghum, 2004, pp.219–260. |
Trautmann, 2008 [49] | 6 self-help sessions (focusing on education on headaches, stress management, relaxation, cognitive restructuring, self-assurance strategies, problem solving) based on a face-to-face training manual. Manual: Kroner-Herwig, B. and Denecke, H. (2002). Cognitive-behavioural therapy of paediatric headache. Are there any differences in efficacy between a therapist-administered group training and a self-help format? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1107–1114. |
53-page training program aimed at improving stress coping skills and divided into the following topics: stress physiology, physical activity, diet, thought patterns, handling of emotions, and attitudes. Training Program: Hedborg K and Muhr C. Multimodal behavioral treatment of migraine: an Internet-administered, randomized, controlled trial. Ups J Med Sci 2011; 116: 169–186. | |
Andersson, 2003 [38] | “Cognitive-behavioral techniques for handling negative thoughts and core beliefs were included.” |