Table 4 Socio-demographic variables and headache characteristics with univariate odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for significant headache impact versus little/no headache impact

Age (years)

44.1 ± 12.3

42.9 ± 12.4

0.38 (0.97–1.01)

0.992

Female

197 (54.1)

46 (46.5)

0.74 (0.47–1.15)

0.177

BMI (kg/m²)

23.2 ± 2.8

23.0 ± 2.99

0.98 (0.90–1.06)

0.574

Residential area

 Medium to small city/rural area

190 (52.2)

51 (51.5)

reference

 Large city

174 (47.8)

48 (48.5)

1.03 (0.66–1.60)

0.904

Educational level

 High school or less

250 (68.7)

70 (70.7)

reference

 College or more

114 (31.3)

29 (29.3)

0.91 (0.56–1.48)

0.699

Household income

 <2 million won/month

102 (28.0)

28 (28.3)

reference

 2–2.9 million won/month

105 (28.8)

27 (27.3)

0.94 (0.52–1.70)

0.829

 ≥3 million won/month

157 (43.1)

44 (44.4)

1.02 (0.60–1.74)

0.940

Headache frequency

 <1 day/month

188 (51.6)

24 (24.2)

reference

 1–14 days/month

173 (47.5)

67 (67.7)

3.03 (1.82–5.05)

<0.001

 ≥15 days/month

3 (0.8)

8 (8.1)

20.89 (5.19–84.14)

<0.001

Headache time duration

 <1 hour

207 (56.9)

35 (35.4)

reference

 ≥1 and < 4 hours

117 (32.1)

43 (43.4)

2.17 (1.32–3.59)

0.002

 ≥4 hours

39 (10.7)

21 (21.2)

3.19 (1.68–6.04)

<0.001

Headache intensity

 Mild

301 (82.7)

58 (58.6)

reference

 Moderate

56 (15.4)

34 (34.3)

3.15 (1.89–5.25)

<0.001

 Severe

7 (1.9)

7 (7.1)

5.19 (1.75–15.35)

0.003

Bilateral location

239 (65.7)

73 (73.7)

1.47 (0.89–2.41)

0.130

Non-pulsating quality

251 (69.0)

68 (68.7)

0.99 (0.61–1.60)

0.959

No aggravation by routine activity

312 (85.7)

62 (62.6)

0.28 (0.17–0.46)

<0.001

Photophobia

27 (7.4)

4 (4.0)

0.53 (0.18–1.54)

0.241

Phonophobia

86 (23.6)

45 (45.5)

2.69 (1.69–4.28)

<0.001