Table 2 Socio-demographic variables and headache characteristics with univariate odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for disability versus no disability

Age (years)

44.0 ± 12.4

41.2 ± 12.0

0.98 (0.95–1.02)

0.305

Female

210 (47.6)

10 (45.5)

0.92 (0.39–2.17)

0.843

BMI (kg/m²)

23.2 ± 2.9

22.7 ± 2.4

0.94 (0.80–1.10)

0.443

Residential area

 Medium to small city/rural area

232 (52.6)

9 (40.9)

reference

 Large city

209 (47.4)

13 (59.1)

1.60 (0.67–3.83)

0.288

Educational level

 High school or less

309 (70.1)

11 (50.0)

reference

 College or more

132 (29.9)

11 (50.0)

2.34 (0.99–5.53)

0.053

Household income

 <2 million won/month

125 (28.3)

5 (22.7)

reference

 2–2.9 million won/month

124 (28.1)

8 (36.4)

1.61 (0.51–5.07)

0.413

 ≥3 million won/month

192 (43.5)

9 (40.9)

1.17 (0.38–3.58)

0.781

Headache frequency

 <1 day/month

205 (46.5)

7 (31.8)

reference

 1–14 days/month

226 (51.2)

14 (63.6)

1.81 (0.72–4.58)

0.208

 ≥15 days/month

10 (2.3)

1 (4.5)

2.93 (0.33–26.15)

0.336

Headache time duration

 <1 hour

235 (53.3)

7 (31.8)

reference

 ≥1 and < 4 hours

151 (34.2)

9 (40.9)

2.00 (0.73–5.49)

0.178

 ≥4 hours

54 (12.2)

6 (27.3)

3.73 (1.21–11.55)

0.022

Headache intensity

 Mild

350 (79.4)

9 (40.9)

reference

 Moderate

79 (17.9)

11 (50.0)

5.42 (2.17–13.51)

<0.001

 Severe

12 (2.7)

2 (9.1)

6.48 (1.26–33.30)

0.018

Bilateral location

297 (67.3)

15 (68.2)

1.04 (0.41–2.60)

0.935

Non-pulsating quality

301 (68.3)

18 (81.8)

2.09 (0.70–6.30)

0.189

No aggravation by routine activity

362 (82.1)

12 (54.5)

0.26 (0.11–0.63)

0.003

Photophobia

31 (7.0)

0 (0.0)

NA

Phonophobia

122 (27.7)

9 (40.9)

1.81 (0.76–4.34)

0.184