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Table 6 Impact of migraine status on total 3-month health care costs by study country

From: Cost of healthcare for patients with migraine in five European countries: results from the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS)

Determinant

UK (N = 1,070)

France (N = 1,461)

Univariate model

Multivariate model

Univariate model

Multivariate model

Estimate (CI)a

Estimate (CI)b

Estimate (CI)a

Estimate (CI)b

Chronic/episodic migraine

 Chronic vs. episodic migraine

4.4130 (2.8427, 6.8508)

3.6397 (2.2057, 6.0061)

3.1896 (2.1574, 4.7157)

2.3312 (1.5312, 3.5490)

MIDAS

 Mild () vs. little disability()

1.5902 (1.2073, 2.0946)

c

1.4431 (1.1851, 1.7571)

c

 Moderate () vs. little disability ()

2.3282 (1.7947, 3.0202)

c

2.4999 (2.0516, 3.0462)

c

 Severe () vs. little disability ()

5.1652 (3.8445, 6.9396)

c

4.0463 (3.2386, 5.0555)

c

 Very severe (\( 4\tilde{1}270 \)) vs. little disability ()

9.3418 (6.6637, 13.0963)

c

7.3112 (5.5218, 9.6806)

c

Headache intensity

 Moderate () vs. mild ()

0.6117 (0.2920, 1.2811)

0.4130 (0.1805, 0.9450)

1.5814 (0.9769, 2.5602)

1.5795 (0.9426, 2.6469)

 Severe (\( \tilde{7}9 \)) vs. mild ()

1.2451 (0.6164, 2.5148)

0.6758 (0.3068, 1.4886)

3.1136 (1.9559, 4.9566)

2.8558 (1.7326, 4.7070)

 Very severe () vs. mild ()

2.4561 (1.2077, 4.9952)

1.1629 (0.5229, 2.5860)

4.5044 (2.7626, 7.3446)

3.4723 (2.0608, 5.8504)

Comorbidities

 Pain-related

1.7386 (1.4500, 2.0847)

1.3719 (1.1285, 1.6678)

1.7395 (1.4450, 2.0941)

1.4746 (1.2285, 1.7700)

 Vascular disease risk factors

1.5151 (1.3046, 1.7596)

1.2260 (1.0470, 1.4357)

1.2722 (1.1009, 1.4702)

NS

 Vascular disease events

1.4354 (0.9245, 2.2287)

NS

2.3130 (1.4403, 3.7145)

2.3083 (1.3527, 3.9387)

 Psychiatric

1.6317 (1.3960, 1.9072)

1.2766 (1.0930, 1.4911)

1.334 (1.1752, 1.5128)

NS

 Other

1.2962 (1.1068, 1.5180)

NS

1.4902 (1.3271, 1.6732)

1.2793 (1.1367, 1.4399)

Determinant

Germany (N = 1,449)

Italy (N = 976)

Univariate model

Multivariate model

Univariate model

Multivariate model

Estimate (CI)a

Estimate (CI)b

Estimate (CI)a

Estimate (CI)b

Chronic/episodic migraine

 Chronic vs. episodic migraine

2.1804 (1.2709, 3.7406)

1.4852 (0.8300, 2.6579)

3.3233 (2.0845, 5.2982)

2.4682 (1.5512, 3.9272)

MIDAS

 Mild () vs. little disability()

1.6181 (1.1770, 2.2244)

c

1.9129 (1.3876, 2.6371)

c

 Moderate () vs. little disability ()

3.1752 (2.3660, 4.2612)

c

2.7206 (2.0133, 3.6765)

c

 Severe () vs. little disability ()

5.7792 (4.3141, 7.7419)

c

4.2869 (3.1435, 5.8462)

c

 Very severe () vs. little disability ()

12.4808 (8.8510, 17.5992)

c

9.6562 (6.8674, 13.5776)

c

Headache intensity

 Moderate () vs. mild ()

4.4639 (2.1656, 9.2016)

3.2341 (1.4718, 7.1068)

0.7072 (0.3917, 1.2768)

0.8813 (0.4872, 1.5942)

 Severe () vs. mild ()

4.2579 (2.1435, 8.4581)

3.3449 (1.5570, 7.1858)

1.3401 (0.7719, 2.3264)

1.5133 (0.8667, 2.6421)

 Very severe () vs. mild ()

9.8136 (4.8466, 19.8711)

6.3798 (2.9108, 13.9831)

2.1336 (1.1918, 3.8196)

2.1514 (1.1988, 3.8607)

Comorbidities

 Pain-related

2.5335 (2.0185, 3.1799)

1.8498 (1.4605, 2.3429)

1.5156 (1.1373, 2.0197)

NS

 Vascular disease risk factors

1.1402 (0.9779, 1.3295)

NS

1.3313 (1.1314, 1.5664)

NS

 Vascular disease events

1.8529 (1.2056, 2.8476)

NS

1.6776 (1.0663, 2.6393)

1.5989 (1.0570, 2.4187)

 Psychiatric

1.8079 (1.5088, 2.1664)

1.4735 (1.2286, 1.7672)

1.7440 (1.4812, 2.0533)

1.5915 (1.3527, 1.8725)

 Other

1.5052 (1.2971, 1.7466)

1.2506 (1.0820, 1.4455)

1.3117 (1.1577, 1.4862)

NS

Determinant

Spain (N = 699)

 

Univariate model

Multivariate model

  

Estimate (CI)*

Estimate (CI)

  

Chronic/episodic migraine

 Chronic vs. episodic migraine

2.4988 (1.4757, 4.2312)

2.0391 (1.2109, 3.4339)

  

MIDAS

 Mild () vs. little disability()

1.7543 (1.1577, 2.6582)

c

  

 Moderate () vs. little disability ()

3.0981 (2.1461, 4.4724)

c

  

 Severe () vs. little disability ()

7.0312 (4.4610, 10.6525)

c

  

 Very severe () vs. little disability ()

9.4031 (5.7907, 15.2691)

c

  

Headache intensity

 Moderate () vs. mild ()

0.8124 (0.4041, 1.6331)

0.5692 (0.2835, 1.1430)

  

 Severe () vs. mild ()

0.8638 (0.4588, 1.6265)

0.8742 (0.4612, 1.6571)

  

 Very severe () vs. mild ()

1.9196 (0.9705, 3.7969)

1.5355 (0.7593, 3.1050)

  

Comorbidities

 Pain-related

2.1465 (1.5854, 2.9063)

NS

  

 Vascular disease risk factors

1.4336 (1.1051, 1.8598)

1.3079 (1.0056, 1.7012)

  

 Vascular disease events

2.9024 (1.3614, 6.1881)

2.7751 (1.3850, 5.5604)

  

 Psychiatric

1.3040 (1.0724, 1.5855)

NS

  

 Other

1.4652 (1.2303, 1.7450)

NS

  
  1. Univariate and multivariate models estimated using the gamma log-link function with total 3-month costs as the dependent variable. Estimates are a ratio of the average total costs for patients in a particular migraine, MIDAS, headache intensity, or comorbidity category compared to those in the reference group. For example, total costs for those with chronic migraine in the UK were 4.413 times higher compared to patients with episodic migraine
  2. CI 95% confidence interval, CM chronic migraine, EM episodic migraine, MIDAS Migraine Disability Assessment, NS not statistically significant (parameter dropped from the model)
  3. aEach determinant was assessed separately in univariate regression models that also included age, gender, and education (coefficients not shown)
  4. bDeterminants assessed jointly in a multivariate regression model including adjustment for age, gender, and education (coefficients not shown)
  5. cMIDAS disability was dropped from multivariate models because of correlation with CM/EM status and violation of model assumption of independence between covariates
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The Journal of Headache and Pain

ISSN: 1129-2377

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