Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Áfra et al. [37]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14). C: healthy subjects

M: drugs altering CNS excitability. C: not reported

MA (18, –)

MwA (22, –)

C (19, –)

MA –

MwA –

C –

≥3 days

≥3 days

–

Magstim 200 Ci/2.5/–/130

–

Intensity gradually increase until visual experience was reported

–

Aurora et al. [29]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14). C: healthy subjects

M: drugs altering CNS excitability. C: not reported

MA (11, 10/1)

C (11, 8/3)

MA 37 ± 7

C 36 ± 7

≥1 week

–

–

Cadwell MES 10 Ci/2.0/530/95

Study participants

Intensity gradually increase until visual experience was reported

20 s

Aurora et al. [30]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14). C: healthy subjects

M: drugs altering CNS excitability. C: not reported

MA (14, –)

MwA (1, –)

C (8, 5/3)

M 39.9 ± 8.2

C 37.3 ± 6.1

≥1 week

–

–

Cadwell MES 10 Ci/2.0/530/95

Study participants

Intensity gradually increase until visual experience was reported

20 s

Mulleners et al. [36]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14); ≥2 attacks/month in the 3 months before the study. C: healthy subjects

M: contraindication for TMS, any neurologic or ophthalmologic condition other than refractive error; drugs altering CNS excitability. C: lifetime history of >2 attacks of migraine and migraines in the past year

MA (16, 14/2)

MwA (12, 6/6)

C (16, 14/2)

MA –

MwA –

C –

≥24 h

–

–

Magstim 200 Ci/2.0/530/130

Investigators not blinded

Intensity gradually increase until visual experience was reported

≥5 s

Bohotin et al. [32]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14). C: healthy subjects

M: no other medical condition; personal or family history of epilepsy; prophylactic anti-migraine treatment within the 3 months before the study. C: no other medical condition; personal or family history of epilepsy

MA (10, –)

MwA

(20, –)

C (24, 14/10)

M 33.5 ± 10.8

C 23.5 ± 2.5

≥3 days

≥3 days

TMS performed 12–16 days after the firsdt day of menses (at mid-cycle)

Magstim Rapid E/1.2/–/70

–

Lowest intensity (%) able to evoke PP in at least 3 out of 5 trials

–

Aurora et al. [31]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14). C: healthy subjects

M: >1 muscular contraction headache/month, history of seizures, pacemakers; drugs altering CNS excitability. C: not reported

MA (10, 9/1)

MwA (10, 8/2)

C (10, 8/2)

MA 38 ± 13

MwA 39 ± 10

C 37 ± 9

≥1 week

–

–

Cadwell Magstim Ci/2.0/530/95

Investigator performing TMS and study participants

Intensity gradually increase until visual experience was reported

20 s

Bohotin et al. [33]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14). C: healthy subjects

M: neurological, ophthalmological or systemic disorder; personal or family history of epilepsy; prophylactic anti-migraine treatment within the 3 months before the study. C: neurological, ophthalmological or systemic disorder; personal or family history of epilepsy; personal or family history of migraine

MA (13, –)

MwA (24, –)

C (33, 18/15)

M 30.3 ± 10.1

C 25.5 ± 6.6

≥3 days

≥3 days

TMS performed 12–16 days after the firsdt day of menses (at mid-cycle)

Magstim Rapid E/1.2/–/70

Investigator performing TMS

Lowest intensity (%) able to evoke PP in at least 3 out of 5 trials

–

Gerwig et al. [35]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (15) C: healthy subjects

M: acute neurological illness such as epilepsy, organic mental disorder, or alcohol and substance abuse; drugs altering CNS excitability. C: drugs altering CNS excitability; family history of migraine

MA (19, 12/7)

MwA (19, 15/4)

C (22, 11/11)

MA 32 ± 8

MwA 39 ± 10

C 30 ± 4

≥3 days

≥3 days

TMS performed during both menstrual phases

Medtronic Dantec MagPro E/–/–/100

Investigator performing TMS

Intensity (%) able to evoke PP in at least 5 out of 10 trials

≥10 s

Gunaydin et al. [34]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14). C: healthy subjects.

M: drugs altering CNS excitability. C: not reported.

MA (15, 14/1)

MwA (15,12/3)

C 30 (26/4)

MA 33.9 ± 5.9

MwA 33.0 ± 4.3

C 33.0 ± 4.9

≥1 week

3 days

–

Magstim 200 Ci/–/–/135

Investigator performing TMS and study participants

Intensity gradually increase until visual experience was reported

–

Khedr et al. [38]

M: diagnosis according to IHS (14). C: healthy subjects.

M: <1 attack of migraine/week; patients taking any drug within 24 h before the study. C: family history of migraine; subjects taking any drug within 24 h before the study

MA (18, –)

MwA (10, –)

C (20, –)

M 33.7 ± 6.9

C 30.5 ± 7.8

≥3 days

≥3 days

Females not tested pre or during menstrual phase

Maglite r 25 E/–/–/90

–

Intensity (%) able to evoke PP in 5 out of 10 trials

≥5 s