Table 17 Preventive non-pharmacological treatments for migraine

Biofeedback

A

++

++

–

I

[408, 409, 431, 432]

Relaxation

C

0/+

+

–

III

[433, 434]

Cognitive-behavioural treatment

–

–

+

–

IV

[435–437]

Sleep

C

++

+

–

III

[429, 438]

Chiropractic osteopathy

C

0/+

+

–

III

[419, 422, 439–441]

Physiotherapy

C

+

+

–

III

[442–444]

Acupuncture

A

++

+

Rare

II

[445]

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

–

–

?

–

IV

[442]

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

C

+

+

Rare

III

[428, 446]

Physical activity

–

–

?

–

IV

[447]

Anaesthetic blockade

C

?

?

Rare

IV

[407]

Diet

–

–

?

–

IV

[448]

Orthodontic and gnathological techniques

C

+

+

–

IV

[422, 449]

PFO Closure

C

++

?

Rare, severe

III

[411, 412]

Occipital nerve stimulation

C

–

?

Rare

[450]

Trigger points deafferentation

–

–

?

–

IV

[451]