Table 3 Migraine and the risk of vascular disease
From: Migraine in women: the role of hormones and their impact on vascular diseases
Ischemic stroke |
 Numerous studies demonstrating an association with migraine with auraw1–18 |
 No definite association with migraine without aura |
 Association with migraine with aura confirmed by three meta-analysesw19–21 |
Hemorrhagic stroke |
 A single large study indicating an association with migraine with auraw22; other studies providing conflicting resultsw23–26 |
Cardiac events |
 Two large studies indicating an association with any migraine in men and women and with migraine with aura in women (data not available for men)w3–4; conflicting results provided by other available studiesw27–29 |
 No association with any migraine in meta-analysis of dataw30; no analysis according to migraine type due to lack of data |
Vascular death |
 A meta-analysisw20 and a large studyw31 supporting an association with migraine with aura  No association with any migraine according to meta-analysis of dataw32 |
Other vascular diseases |
 Studies indicating a possible association with any migraine and retinal disease and peripheral artery diseasew33–39 |