Associations between sleep disturbance and primary headaches: the third Nord-Trøndelag Health Study

Table 1 Distribution of age, sex, sleep medication, mean ESS, and mean KSQ by headache diagnoses

	No headache	Definite TTH	Definite migraine	Other headaches^a
Number	77	135	51	34
Mean age, with 95% CI (years)	57.2 (54–61)	52.6 (50–55)	44.0 (41–47)	52.6 (48–56)
Women^b (%)	31.2	57.8	62.7*	32.4
Use of painkillers last month^c (%)	0	34.1	70.6*	50.0
Use of prophylactic drugs (%)	0	2.2	2.0	0
Use of sleep medication (%)	2.6	8.1	6.0	14.7*
HADS A ≥ 8 (%)	4.2	13.0*	19.6**	21.2**
HADS D ≥ 8 (%)	4.2	11.5	8.5	12.1
Employed (%)	73.0	73.6	84.0	80.6
Exercise ≥2 times a week (%)	60.8	54.0	56.3	42.1
Mean ESS score with 95% CI	5.3 (4.5–6.1)	5.2 (4.6–5.7)	6.3 (5.3–7.3)	6.4 (5.1–7.6)
ESS score ≥10 (%)	9.1	9.6	20.0	23.5
KSQ score ≥75 percentile (%)	13.2	30.4**	33.3**	32.4*

Compared with headache-free: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001
^aProbable tension-type headache (TTH) (n = 8), probable migraine (n = 5), medication overuse headache (MOH) (n = 5), hangover-headache (n = 6), headache attributed to systemic viral infection (n = 4), rhinosinusitis (n = 2), cerviogenic headache (n = 1), caffeine-withdrawal headache (n = 1), persistent idiopathic facial pain (n = 1) and primary exertional headache (n = 1)
^bCompared with all other participants: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001
^cCompared with subjects with TTH: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

ISSN: 1129-2377