Table 2 Relationship between headache and lifestyle choices
Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Proportion of headache sufferers (%) | Age-adjusted OR | 95%CI | N | Proportion of headache sufferers (%) | Age-adjusted OR | 95%CI | |
Stress | ||||||||
Very high | 305 | 16.7 | 11.74 | 4.16–33.15 | 484 | 25.4 | 4.90 | 2.75–8.75 |
Somewhat high | 1,364 | 8.4 | 5.37 | 1.96–14.76 | 1,706 | 22.2 | 4.10 | 2.36–7.13 |
Average | 3,307 | 3.9 | 2.56 | 0.94–6.99 | 4,001 | 12.8 | 2.15 | 1.24–3.72 |
Low | 662 | 3.5 | 2.37 | 0.81–6.94 | 666 | 8.9 | 1.48 | 0.81–2.71 |
Little or none | 270 | 1.5 | 1.00 | Referent | 231 | 6.1 | 1.00 | Referent |
P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | |||||||
Ability to relieve stress | ||||||||
Good | 2,489 | 3.0 | 1.00 | Referent | 2,728 | 10.9 | 1.00 | Referent |
Fairly good | 2,272 | 6.3 | 2.11 | 1.58–2.81 | 2,824 | 15.0 | 1.41 | 1.21–1.66 |
Little | 1,074 | 8.3 | 2.76 | 2.00–3.80 | 1,416 | 22.9 | 2.39 | 2.01–2.84 |
None | 72 | 18.1 | 6.96 | 3.63–13.34 | 114 | 30.7 | 3.52 | 2.32–5.34 |
P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | |||||||
Drinking | ||||||||
Non-drinker | 1,410 | 7.5 | 1.00 | Referent | 4,366 | 16.5 | 1.00 | Referent |
Less than 1 unit/day | 1,688 | 6.2 | 0.76 | 0.57–1.01 | 1,883 | 14.0 | 0.77 | 0.66–0.90 |
1 to less than 2 units/day | 1,287 | 4.2 | 0.56 | 0.40–0.79 | 585 | 13.0 | 0.72 | 0.56–0.93 |
2 to less than 3 units/day | 789 | 3.9 | 0.55 | 0.36–0.83 | 154 | 7.8 | 0.39 | 0.22–0.71 |
3 units/day or more | 734 | 3.5 | 0.51 | 0.32–0.79 | 99 | 11.1 | 0.59 | 0.31–1.11 |
P = 0.0009 | P < 0.0001 | |||||||
Walking or exercise | ||||||||
5 days/week or more | 2,042 | 4.9 | 0.68 | 0.50–0.92 | 2,297 | 14.7 | 0.85 | 0.72–1.01 |
3–4 days/week | 1,069 | 5.2 | 0.77 | 0.54–1.10 | 1,658 | 15.4 | 0.93 | 0.77–1.13 |
2 days/week | 859 | 3.7 | 0.53 | 0.35–0.81 | 889 | 12.5 | 0.71 | 0.56–0.90 |
1 day/week | 745 | 6.3 | 0.88 | 0.61–1.28 | 665 | 15.5 | 0.88 | 0.68–1.12 |
Seldom | 1,193 | 7.2 | 1.00 | Referent | 1,579 | 17.7 | 1.00 | Referent |
P = 0.020 | P = 0.063 | |||||||
Sleep | ||||||||
Less than 5 h | 305 | 9.2 | 2.04 | 1.33–3.14 | 510 | 17.1 | 1.33 | 1.03–1.70 |
5 to less than 6 h | 2,127 | 7.0 | 1.63 | 1.28–2.08 | 2,957 | 17.2 | 1.31 | 1.15–1.50 |
6 to less than 8 h | 3,279 | 4.0 | 1.00 | Referent | 3,476 | 13.7 | 1.00 | Referent |
8 h or more | 196 | 6.1 | 1.89 | 1.02–3.51 | 142 | 10.6 | 0.76 | 0.44–1.32 |
P < 0.0001 | P = 0.0003 | |||||||
Smoking | ||||||||
Never smoker | 2,370 | 5.4 | 1.00 | Referent | 5,559 | 15.0 | 1.00 | Referent |
1–19 cigarettes/day | 1,016 | 6.3 | 1.07 | 0.78–1.46 | 884 | 16.9 | 1.05 | 0.87–1.28 |
20–29 cigarettes/day | 1,304 | 5.4 | 0.98 | 0.73–1.33 | 216 | 14.8 | 0.92 | 0.63–1.35 |
≥30 cigarettes/day | 493 | 5.7 | 1.09 | 0.71–1.67 | 30 | 20.0 | 1.42 | 0.58–3.49 |
Ex-smoker | 725 | 4.1 | 0.75 | 0.50–1.14 | 400 | 17.0 | 1.07 | 0.82–1.41 |
P = 0.60 | P = 0.87 | |||||||
Blood pressure, systolic | ||||||||
<100 mm Hg | 525 | 5.9 | 1.00 | 0.67–1.50 | 2,374 | 15.7 | 0.98 | 0.85–1.14 |
100–119 mm Hg | 2,304 | 6.0 | 1.00 | Referent | 3,008 | 15.4 | 1.00 | Referent |
120–139 mm Hg | 2,254 | 5.1 | 0.92 | 0.71–1.19 | 1,343 | 15.3 | 1.13 | 0.94–1.36 |
≥140 mm Hg | 825 | 4.6 | 1.03 | 0.70–1.50 | 365 | 12.9 | 1.04 | 0.75–1.45 |
P = 0.89 | P = 0.54 | |||||||