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Table 1 Summary of all included studies (n = 83)

From: The temporal trend of placebo response in migraine prevention from 1990 to 2021: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis with regression

Study title

Year

Intervention

Route of Administration

Cochrane Risk of Bias

Outcome Types

Outcome Measure

Abdolahi et al. [34]

2019

ω-3 fatty acids and nano-curcumin

Oral

Low

Continuous

Attack frequency

Anand et al. [35]

2006

Botox A

Injection

Low

Continuous

Attacks per month

Ashina et al. [36]

2020

Eptinezumab

IV

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Aurora et al. [25]

2007

Botox A

Injection

Some concerns

Continuous

Episodes per month

Aurora et al. [37]

2010

Botox A

Injection

Low

Continuous

MMDs

Barrientos & Chana et al. [38]

2003

Botox A

Injection

Low

Continuous

Attacks per month

Bigal et al. [39]

2015

Fremanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous

Headache days

Bigal et al. [40]

2015

Fremanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous

Migraine days

Brandes et al. [41]

2004

Montelukast

Oral

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs, Attack frequency

Buettner et al. [42]

2015

Simvastatin plus vitamin D3

Oral

Some Concerns

Continuous, Dichotomous

Migraine days

Cady et al. [43]

2009

Carisbamate

Oral

Low

Dichotomous

MMDs

Casas et al. [44]

2019

DAO supplement

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous

Attacks per month

Chankrachang et al. [45]

2011

Botox A

Injection

Low

Continuous

Attacks per month

Croop et al.[46]

2021

Rimegepant

Oral

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Detke et al. [47]

2018

Galcanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MHDs

Diener et al. [48]

2001

Cyclandelate

Oral

Low

Continuous

MMDs

Diener et al. [49]

2005

MIG-99

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous, Dichotomous

Attacks per month, MMDs

Diener et al. [50]

2008

Telmisartan

Oral

High

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Diener et al. [51]

2010

Botox A

Injection

Low

Continuous

Migraine days

Diener et al. [52]

2007

Topiramate

Oral

Low

Continuous,

Dichotomous

MMDs

Diener et al. [53]

1996

Cyclandelate

Oral

Some concerns

Dichotomous

Attack frequency

Dodick et al. [54]

2018

Fremanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Dodick et al. [55]

2014

Eptinezumab

IV

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

Migraine days,

MHDs

Dodick et al. [56]

2018

Erenumab

Injection

Low

Continuous

MMDs

Dodick et al. [57]

2014

Galcanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous

Dichotomous

MHDs,

Migraine days

Dodick et al. [58]

2019

Eptinezumab

IV

Low

Dichotomous

MMDs

Elkind et al. [59]

2006

Botox A

Injection

Some concerns

Continuous

Migraine days

Evers et al. [60]

2004

Botox A

Injection

Low

Dichotomous

MMDs

Ferrari et al. [61]

2019

Fremanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Freitag et al. [29]

2008

Botox A

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

Episodes per month,

MMDs

Fu et al. [62]

2012

Chinese herbal medicine (CXDT-HFG)

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous, Dichotomous

Migraine days

Gaul et al. [63]

2015

Vitamin B2, Magnesium, Coenzyme Q10

Oral

Low

Continuous

MMDs

Goadsby et al. [64]

2017

Erenumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Goadsby et al. [65]

2009

Tonabersat

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs, MHDs

Goadsby et al. [66]

2020

Atogepant

Oral

Low

Continuous,

Dichotomous

MMDs

Gonçalves et al. [67]

2016

Melatonin, Amitriptyline

Oral

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MHDs

Hajihashemi et al. [68]

2019

CoQ10 and L-carnitine

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous

Attack frequency

Høivik et al.b [31]

2010

GW274150

NA

Low

Dichotomous

MHDs

Kisler et al. [69]

2019

Duloxetine

Oral

High

Continuous

MMDs

Köseoglu et al. [70]

2008

Magnesium

Oral

High

Continuous

Attacks per month

Lipton et al. [71]

2011

Topiramate

Oral

Low

Continuous

MMDs

Lipton et al. [72]

2020

Eptinezumab

IV

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Lipton et al. [73]

2004

Petasites extract

Oral

Low

Dichotomous

Attack frequency

Magis et al. [74]

2007

Thioctic acid

Oral

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

Attacks per month, Attack frequency

Mei et al. [75]

2004

Topiramate

Oral

High

Continuous, Dichotomous

MHDs, MMDs

Millan-Guerrero et al. [76]

2006

Histamine

Injection

Some concerns

Continuous

Attack frequency

Monfared et al. [26]

2017

Melatonin

Oral

Low

Continuous

Attack frequency

Mulleners et al. [77]

2020

Galcanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MHDs

Noruzzadeh et al. [78]

2016

Memantine hydrochloride

Oral

Low

Continuous

Attacks per month

Ozyalcin et al. [32]

2005

Venlafaxine

Oral

High

Continuous

Headache days

Peikart et al. [79]

1996

Magnesium

Oral

High

Continuous, Dichotomous

Migraine days, Attack frequency

Petri et al. [80]

2009

Botox A

Injection

Low

Continuous

Attacks per month

Pfaffenrath et al. [81]

2002

MIG-99

Oral

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

Attacks per month, Attack frequency

Pfaffernath et al. [82]

1996

Magnesium

Oral

High

Dichotomous

Intensity and duration

Pradalier et al. [83]

2001

Magnesium

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous

Attacks per month

Relja et al.a [27]

2007

Botox A

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

Episodes per month,

Migraine episodes per month

Reuter et al. [84]

2018

Erenumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Sadeghian et al. [85]

2015

Levetiracetam

Oral

High

Dichotomous

Headache attack frequency

Sakai et al. [86]

2020

Galcanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MHDs

Sakai et al. [87]

2021

Fremanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs,

Headache Days

Sakai et al. [88]

2021

Fremanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Sakai et al. [89]

2019

Erenumab

Injection

Some concerns

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Sandor et al. [90]

2005

CoQ10

Oral

Low

Dichotomous

Attack frequency

Schoenen et al. [91]

1998

Riboflavin

Oral

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

Attacks per month, Attack frequency

Silberstein et al. [92]

2020

Eptinezumab

IV

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Silberstein et al. [93]

2007

Topiramate

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous

MMDs

Silberstein et al. [94]

2006

Topiramate

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Silbertstein et al. [95]

2017

Fremanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs, Headache days

Siniatchkin et al. [96]

1998

Cyclandelate

Oral

High

Continuous

MMDs

Siniatchkin et al. [97]

2007

Metoprolol-CR

Oral

High

Continuous

Attacks per month

Skljarevski et al. [98]

2018

Galcanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs,

MHDs

Skljarevski et al. [99]

2018

Galcanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MHDs

Smith et al. [28]

2020

Eptinezumab

IV

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Stauffer et al. [100]

2018

Galcanezumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MHDs

Steiner et al. [30]

1998

S-fluoxetine

Oral

High

Continuous

Attacks per month

Storey et al. [101]

2001

Topiramate

Oral

Some concerns

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Sun et al. [102]

2016

Erenumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Takeshima et al. [103]

2021

Erenumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Tepper et al. [104]

2017

Erenumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

Trapani et al. [105]

2000

Gabapentin

Oral

High

Continuous

Attack frequency

Vahedi et al. [106]

2002

Acetazolamide

Oral

High

Continuous

Attacks per month

Wang et al. [107]

2021

Erenumab

Injection

Low

Continuous, Dichotomous

MMDs

  1. aDichotomous outcome only used in sensitivity analysis
  2. bTwo different studies reported in same article
  3. Botox Botulinum toxin, IV Intravenous, MHD Monthly headache day, MMD Monthly migraine day