Table 1 Participants’ demographics and clinical characteristics
|  | Healthy Controls (n = 37) | NDPH (n = 28) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 33.00 (25.50, 43.50) | 33.00 (17.00, 59.00) | 0.926 |
Sex (male/female) | 16/21 (43.24/56.76%) | 14/14 (50.00/50.00%) | 0.588 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.45 ± 3.04 | 24.45 ± 3.88 | 0.023 |
Headache laterality, n (%) | |||
    Unilateral | NA | 10 (35.71%) | NA |
    Bilateral | NA | 18 (64.29%) | NA |
Location of headache, n (%) | |||
    Frontal region | NA | 9 (32.14%) | NA |
    Temporal region | NA | 15 (53.57%) | NA |
    Parietal region | NA | 10 (35.71%) | NA |
    Occipital region | NA | 5 (17.86%) | NA |
    Periorbital region | NA | 1 (3.57%) | NA |
    Nausea, vomiting, n (%) | NA | 2 (7.14%) | NA |
    Photophobia, n (%) | NA | 11 (39.28%) | NA |
    Phonophobia, n (%) | NA | 15 (53.57%) | NA |
    Age at onset, years | NA | 17.00 (13.00, 39.55) | NA |
    Disease duration, years | NA | 3.50 (1.00, 14.00) | NA |
    VAS score (0–10) | NA | 4.00 (3.00, 7.00) | NA |
    HIT-6 score (36–78) a | NA | 62.64 ± 10.94 | NA |
    PHQ-9 score (0–27) b | NA | 10.04 ± 6.89 | NA |
    GAD-7 score (0–21) a | NA | 6.80 ± 5.26 | NA |
    PSQI score (0–21) a | NA | 10.20 ± 5.03 | NA |