Fig. 3
Neuroanatomic map of effect size of groups-by-timepoints interaction effect in (A) CT, and (B) CSA of 68 bilateral cortical regions. The CT of left caudal ACC and left insula and the CSA of SFG showed high η2 for significant interaction effect (P < 0.05). Cortical regions are color-coded in correspondence to the effect size (η2 value) of CT or CSA. Red-shaded cortical regions indicate high η2 for significant interaction effect (P < 0.05), while yellow-shaded cortical regions indicate low η2 without significant interaction effect. Simple effect analysis of hub neuroanatomical regions included (C) CT of left caudal ACC, (D) CT of left insula, and (E) CSA of right SFG after significant interaction effect was observed. The subpanels in (C), (D) and (E) show neuroanatomical change for each patient from acute to subacute phase, which indicates significant neuroanatomical restoration in ACC, insula and SFG respectively from acute to subacute phase in patients. MTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; PTH, posttraumatic headache; HCs, healthy controls; CT, cortical thickness; CSA, cortical surface area; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; L, left hemisphere; R, right hemisphere; η2, Eta Squared Effect Size. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ns, not significant. Data are presented as mean ± SEM