Skip to main content

Table 3 Differences in circulating cytokines levels in the ictal stage of migraine compared to the inter-ictal stage

From: Cytokines in primary headache disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cytokine

N of studies

Total participants

Std. Mean Difference (95% CI) Effect Estimate

P Value

I2

IL-1β

5

220

0.34 (0.06, 0.62)

0.02

4%

IL-2

2

114

-0.09 (-0.89, 0.70)

0.82

77%

IL-4

4

174

-0.24 (-0.90, 0.42)

0.48

76%

IL-6

8

520

0.10 (-0.07, 0.28)

0.25

0%

IL-10

3

184

0.23 (-0.23, 0.68)

0.33

57%

TNF-α

7

317

0.18 (-0.05, 0.40)

0.12

0%

  1. Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, I2 Measure of heterogeneity, IL-2 Interleukin-2, IL-8 Interleukin-8, TGF-β Transforming growth factor β, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha