Fig. 3

The results of the reverse MR analysis. A The anatomical locations of the IDPs showing significant causal relationship with migraine in the reverse MR analysis. B The forest plot shows the results of causal estimates. Each box represents the effect (i.e., SD change) of migraine on the respective IDP, and the error bars represent 95% CI. Significant causal correlation is defined as p value < 3.29 × 10^− 4 (Bonferroni correction) and marked by red chroma. The IVW-derived results were regarded as main results. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IDP, imaging-derived phenotypes; IVs, instrumental variables; IVW, inverse variance-weighted; MR, Mendelian randomization