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Fig. 2 | The Journal of Headache and Pain

Fig. 2

From: Role of ATP in migraine mechanisms: focus on P2X3 receptors

Fig. 2

Proposed ATP-mediated pro-nociceptive signalling in the meninges involving trigeminal neurons, immune cells and local vessels. Meninges are densely innervated, colonized by local immune cells and largely vascularized. Extracellular ATP (small red circles) can: i) activate ionotropic P2X3 receptors in C- and Aδ-fibers [26, 86]; ii) degranulate mast cells via P2X7 receptors [27, 84]; iii) modulate vascular tone via metabotropic P2Y13 and P2X1 receptors [47, 73]. Other non-purinergic transmitters in this system, for sake of simplicity, are indicated only schematically as small black circles (for instance serotonin from mast cells) or small blue circles (glutamate from neurons)

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