Table 1 Trigeminal ganglion stimulation approaches in orofacial neuropathic pain

Evaluation of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the rat brainstem nuclei relevant in migraine pathogenesis after electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion

Electrical stimulation

Rat

Migraine

[30]

Trigeminal neuropathy: Two case reports of Gasserian ganglion stimulation

Electrical stimulation

Human

Refractory trigeminal neuropathy

[31]

Case Report: Novel Anchoring Technique and Surgical Nuances for Trigeminal Ganglion Stimulation in the Treatment of Post-Herpetic Trigeminal Neuropathic Facial Pain

Electrical stimulation

Human

Post-herpetic trigeminal neuropathic pain

[32]

Chronic electrostimulation of the trigeminal ganglion in trigeminal neuropathy: current state and future prospects

Electro stimulation

Human

Trigeminopathic pain

[33]

Activation of oxytocin receptor in the trigeminal ganglion attenuates orofacial ectopic pain attributed to inferior alveolar nerve injury

Pharmacological activation

Rat

Orofacial ectopic pain

[34]

Oxytocin alleviates orofacial mechanical hypersensitivity associated with infraorbital nerve injury through vasopressin-1A receptors of the rat trigeminal ganglia

Pharmacological modulation

Rat

Trigeminal nerve injury

[35]

Intra-arterial Modulation of the Trigeminal Nerve Ganglion in Patients with Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia

Pharmacological modulation

Human

Refractory trigeminal neuralgia

[36]

Chemogenetic inhibition of trigeminal ganglion neurons attenuates behavioural and neural pain responses in a model of trigeminal neuropathic pain

Chemogenetic inhibition

Rat

Trigeminal neuropathic pain

[37]

Pain relief in a trigeminal neuralgia model via optogenetic inhibition on trigeminal ganglion itself with flexible optic fiber cannula

Optogenetic inhibition

Rat

Trigeminal Neuralgia

[38]