Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study participants (n = 76)

Sex, n (%)

0.209

  Male

21 (46.7)

10 (32.3)

31 (40.8)

  Female

24 (52.2)

21 (67.7)

45 (59.2)

Age at diagnosis, Mean (SD), y

41.62 (12.70)

48.68 (13.80)

44.50 (13.53)

0.024*

Age at onset, Mean (SD), y

37.22 (14.54)

42.45 (14.72)

39.36 (14.74)

0.129

Median diagnostic delay time, IQR, y

2.50

(0–20.5)

3.00

(0–20.7)

2.67

(0–20.7)

0.536

Site, n (%)

  Periorbital

13 (28.9)

4 (12.9)

17 (22.4)

0.100

  Forehead

11 (24.5)

6 (19.4)

17 (22.4)

0.601

  Temporal

24 (53.3)

8 (25.8)

32 (42.1)

0.017*

  Parietal

13 (28.9)

20 (64.5)

33 (43.4)

0.002*

  Occipital

10 (22.2)

7 (22.6)

17 (22.4)

0.971

  Neck

1 (2.2)

0 (0)

1 (1.3)

1.000

  Cheek

4 (8.9)

6 (19.4)

10 (13.2)

0.326

  Side of nose

2 (4.4)

1 (3.2)

3 (3.9)

1.000

  Ear

3 (6.7)

4 (12.9)

7 (9.2)

0.603

  Upper teeth

2 (4.4)

2 (6.5)

4 (5.3)

1.000

  Lower teeth

2 (4.4)

2 (6.5)

4 (5.3)

1.000

Severity (VAS), IQR

8 (7–10)

8 (7–10)

8 (7–10)

0.900

  Mild (0–3, %)

0 (0)

1 (3.2)

1 (1.3)

  Moderate (4–6, %)

6 (13.3)

4 (12.9)

10 (13.2)

  Severe (7–10, %)

39 (86.7)

26 (83.9)

65 (85.6)

Quality, n (%)

  Stabbing

22 (48.9)

12 (38.7)

34 (44.7)

0.380

  Electric-shock-like

13 (28.9)

15 (48.4)

28 (36.8)

0.083

  Shooting

11 (24.5)

8 (25.8)

19 (25.0)

0.893

  Slashing

9 (20.0)

5 (16.1)

14 (18.4)

0.669

Duration, n (%)

0.302

  < 1 s

0 (0)

2 (6.5)

2 (2.6)

  1-600 s

44 (97.8)

28 (90.3)

72 (94.7)

  > 600 s

1 (2.2)

1 (3.2)

2 (2.6)

Cranial autonomic symptoms, n (%)

  Conjunctival injection

45 (100)

2 (6.5)

47(61.8)

-

  Lacrimation

45 (100)

29 (93.5)

74(97.4)

-

  Nasal congestion

10 (22.2)

6 (19.4)

16(21.1)

0.763

  Rhinorrhoea

17 (37.8)

12 (38.7)

29(38.2)

0.934

  Eyelid oedema

8 (17.8)

1 (3.2)

9(11.8)

0.117

  Forehead and facial sweating

5 (11.1)

0 (0)

5(6.6)

-

  Miosis

0 (0)

0 (0)

0(0)

-

  Ptosis

3 (6.7)

0 (0)

3(3.9)

-

Additional symptoms, n (%)

  Nausea

11 (24.4)

4 (12.9)

15 (19.7)

0.214

  Vomiting

6 (13.3)

2 (6.5)

8 (10.5)

0.562

  Photophobia

6 (13.3)

3 (9.7)

9 (11.8)

0.902

  Phonophobia

9 (20.0)

5 (16.1)

14 (18.4)

0.669

  Sense of restlessness and agitation

8 (17.8)

10 (32.3)

18 (23.7)

0.145