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Table 1 Descriptive statistics [mean (SD)] of questionnaire scores assessing sleep features (PSQI total score and sub-components, ISI, ESS), psychological status (ASI-3 total score and sub-components, STAI-X2, BDI-II), management of uncertainty/ambiguity (IUI-10, IUS-12, IA, URS total score and sub-components), pain catastrophizing tendency (PCS total score and sub-components), and decision making style (GDMS total score and sub-components) for the three participant groups (chronic migraine, episodic migraine, control). Results of ANOVA are also reported (F, p, η2p)

From: Behavioral and psychological factors in individuals with migraine without psychiatric comorbidities

 

Chronic migraine

Episodic migraine

Control

   

Sleep variables

Mean (SD)

F

p

η2p

 PSQI score

8.25 (3.37)

6.73 (3.59)

5.59 (3.15)

9.87

 < 0.001

0.096

PSQI subscale score

 Subjective sleep quality

1.41 (0.78)

1.36 (0.81)

1.14 (0.81)

2.04

0.13

0.022

 Sleep latency

1.34 (0.95)

1.27 (0.96)

0.97 (0.95)

2.79

0.06

0.029

 Sleep duration

1.18 (0.79)

0.98 (0.86)

0.94 (0.73)

1.64

0.20

0.017

 Habitual sleep efficiency

1.00 (1.16)

0.72 (1.05)

0.68 (0.95)

1.71

0.18

0.018

 Sleep disturbances

1.66 (0.51)

1.36 (0.57)

1.28 (0.55)

8.38

 < 0.001

0.083

 Sleep medications

0.77 (1.23)

0.24 (0.78)

0.22 (0.76)

6.80

0.001

0.068

 Daytime dysfunction

0.80 (0.81)

0.87 (0.71)

0.48 (0.61)

5.53

0.005

0.056

 ISI score

9.06 (5.91)

7.71 (5.87)

5.37 (4.53)

7.53

 < 0.001

0.073

 ESS score

5.92 (4.91)

6.15 (3.67)

5.25 (3.68)

0.85

0.43

0.009

Anxiety and depression variables

 ASI-3 score

17.48 (15.70)

13.66 (10.50)

11.54 (8.76)

3.98

0.02

0.040

 ASI-3 subscale score

 Physical concerns

6.10 (5.86)

4.66 (4.15)

3.36 (3.51)

5.60

0.004

0.056

 Cognitive concerns

5.54 (6.34)

3.60 (3.96)

2.31 (2.30)

8.28

 < 0.001

0.081

 Social concerns

5.84 (5.08)

5.25 (4.45)

5.89 (4.69)

0.37

0.69

0.004

 STAI-X2 score

46.37 (12.24)

42.70 (8.58)

38.97 (9.30)

8.43

 < 0.001

0.082

 BDI-II score

11.73 (9.92)

9.54 (7.50)

10.19 (10.63)

0.91

0.40

0.009

Uncertainty variables

 IUI-10 score

25.16 (11.17)

25.03 (8.79)

24.14 (9.38)

0.20

0.82

0.002

 IUS-12 score

27.35 (11.62)

29.09 (9.48)

27.69 (11.37)

0.47

0.63

0.005

 IA score

42.24 (11.43)

40.81 (12.93)

38.46 (13.04)

1.49

0.23

0.016

 URS score

123.72 (18.27)

121.30 (16.31)

125.85 (17.62)

1.10

0.34

0.011

URS subscale score

 Emotional uncertainty

31.58 (10.14)

30.58 (8.93)

29.76 (8.68)

0.63

0.54

0.007

 Desire for change

44.17 (8.94)

44.56 (8.94)

46.26 (8.21)

1.01

0.37

0.011

 Cognitive uncertainty

47.97 (8.98)

46.16 (8.59)

49.05 (9.05)

1.74

0.18

0.018

Pain catastrophizing variables

 PCS score

27.18 (13.67)

20.84 (12.13)

15.73 (8.38)

15.32

 < 0.001

0.141

PCS subscale score

 Helplessness

11.98 (6.99)

8.69 (6.14)

5.94 (3.68)

17.28

 < 0.001

0.157

 Rumination

12.31 (5.69)

9.86 (5.46)

7.50 (3.89)

14.09

 < 0.001

0.132

 Magnification

2.90 (2.19)

2.30 (2.01)

2.25 (1.82)

2.03

0.13

0.021

Decision making variables

 GDMS score

78.42 (9.25)

77.55 (10.50)

76.37 (10.77)

0.56

0.57

0.007

GDMS subscale score

 Rational

17.21 (2.23)

16.89 (2.46)

17.04 (2.32)

0.25

0.78

0.003

 Intuitive

17.89 (2.99)

17.75 (2.85)

17.21 (3.03)

0.81

0.45

0.010

 Dependant

16.49 (3.31)

16.58 (3.58)

16.47 (3.81)

0.02

0.99

 < 0.001

 Avoidant

13.43 (2.94)

13.16 (2.77)

12.75 (3.05)

0.76

0.47

0.009

 Spontaneous

13.40 (2.91)

13.16 (2.73)

12.90 (2.79)

0.44

0.65

0.005