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Fig. 1 | The Journal of Headache and Pain

Fig. 1

From: Behavioral and psychological factors in individuals with migraine without psychiatric comorbidities

Fig. 1

Comparisons between the three groups (chronic migraine, episodic migraine, control) on (A) sleep quality (PSQI total score), (B) sleep disturbances (PSQI subscale score), (C) use of sleep medications (PSQI subscale score), (D) sleep-related daytime dysfunction (PSQI subscale score), (E) severity of insomnia symptoms (ISI total score), (F) anxiety sensitivity (ASI-3 total score), (G) concerns about physical anxiety symptoms (ASI-3 subscale score), (H) concerns about cognitive anxiety symptoms (ASI-3 subscale score), (I) trait anxiety (STAI-X2 total score), (L) pain catastrophizing (PCS total score), (M) pain-related feelings of helplessness (PCS subscale score), and (N) pain-related ruminative thinking (PCS subscale score). Center lines show the medians, box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers extend to 5th and 95th percentiles, dots represent outliers, and crosses represent sample means. Asterisks indicate significant Bonferroni post hoc (*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001). Abbreviations: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; ASI-3, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3; STAI-X2, trait-anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale.

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